Aging And Cognition Short Paper Essay - 2152 Words

Aging and Cognition Short Paper Allura Lothary One of the most crucial recurring themes regarding aging research has been what is the most valid and representative measurement of age. Chronological age has often been the standard measurement for conducting aging research, especially when focusing on comparisons between younger adults and older adults. However, several studies have shown that this measure alone may not be the most valid or best way to predict declines in cognitive functioning. From more recent studies, it seems that time to death instead of chronological age may be the best predictor of cognitive declines. Other measures such as health, future time perspective, and perceptions of aging have also been suggested as more definitive alternatives to chronological age. To demonstrate the difference in chronological age and time to death as a measure of old age, Hulur et al. (2015) used between and within person measures in order to demonstrate cognitive dedifferentiation at the end of the lifespan. This study found evid ence for dedifferentiation in cognitive abilities between and within persons. They were also able to find the most between person dedifferentiation when using time to death as the variable related to age, instead of chronological age. These results demonstrated the benefits to using time to death as a measurement in comparison to chronological age. Since they were able to test both measures, this showed clear evidence for which measure would beShow MoreRelatedGERIATRIC ASSESSMENT: MALNUTRITION989 Words   |  4 Pagesthe indicator of existing medical and socio-economic problems, but can also be a cause of physiological and psychological dysfunctions. Proper nursing assessment in the elderly should be applied in order to identify and address this problem. 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What Are the Beliefs and Values of Buddhism Free Essays

What are the beliefs and values of Buddhism? Buddhists follow the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama who is known as the Buddha, meaning the enlightened one. Buddhism originated in northern India and is the fourth largest religion of the world. However, Buddhism is more a philosophy or way of life other than a religion because unlike so many other religious traditions, Buddhism is founded on the teaching of a human being and not a god. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Beliefs and Values of Buddhism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Philosophy means love of wisdom and the Buddhist’s believe in leading a moral life, being mindful and aware of thoughts and actions and developing wisdom and understanding. Buddha Siddhartha Gautama was a warrior prince who founded Buddhism and lived from 566 to 483 BC [1]. He was born in Lumbini, in the Himalayas and lived in Northern India. Siddhartha Gautama was a prince of a wealthy, royal family, he was aware of his luxurious life as a prince and was tired of it. He wanted to discover the truth about life and spent many years in meditation, sitting underneath a Bodhi tree in order to discover a way to end suffering for everyone and to release himself from the material values of life. After many years under the Bodhi tree he came to an epiphany and become the â€Å"Buddha†. The night he became enlightened was divided into four periods in which he learnt something new each time. Firstly, he gained understanding of all the past, and of what had led him to the point of seeking enlightenment. He then understood the way in which all living things came into this world and pass away. After this, he understood how all the negative feelings and cravings that make people cling to life, bring more suffering and that he had overcome these cravings. Then, at dawn he gained full enlightenment and experienced the peace of Nirvana, which is the point where the three poisons, greed, hatred and ignorance disappear and a sense of happiness and calm is achieved. [2]After he was enlightenment at 35 years old, he travelled around India teaching the wise knowledge he had achieved. Siddhartha Gautama spent most of his life teaching in the cities of the Ganges plain and was the first person of his time to discover the true cause of suffering in the world and show people real compassion. Buddha is a itle, which means â€Å"the one who is enlightened† or â€Å"one who has woken up to the truth†. What makes a person a Buddha is that a Buddha discovers and teaches the path to enlightenment. According to Buddhist tradition, there have been and will be other Buddha’s. Siddhartha Gautama inspired people by what he did and what he taught, so that they followed him and tried to put his teachings into practice. Beliefs and Values of Buddhism Buddhists believe that everyone has the potential to become enlightened and that, by practising their religion, they will develop wisdom and happiness. Four Noble Truths In Siddhartha Gautama’s first sermon in the Deer Park in Varanasi, the holiest city of ancient India, he spoke about the Four Noble truths and the Eightfold Path. The four noble truths are the most basic expression of the Buddha’s teaching. In the Four Noble Truths Buddha sets out the problem of life, the cause of that problem, that the problem can be overcome and the way to achieve it. The First Truth is that all life involves suffering. The first truth is Dukkha, which is the pali word for suffering. 3] Dukkha is deeper than physical pain, it refers to the suffering that occurs on a number of levels. There is the suffering that comes with feeling sick, old age, death and injuries, which are inevitable as we are fragile human beings. [4] Then there is the frustration and the feeling of being discontent with life, that our life is not what we want or expect it to be and nothing is ever good enough. The second truth is that the origin of suffering is cr aving and attachment. The Buddha discovered that the direct causes of suffering are desire, craving, and ignorance and this is the cause of suffering. The belief that suffering is caused by craving is not the natural need for food or enjoyment from experiences in our lives but the attempt to hold on to the things we enjoy and never want to let them go and try to stop them from changing. In the second truth, it is said that the origin of suffering is attachment to desire and craving, greediness causes a person to never be happy or content. The third noble truth is Nirodha, which is the end of suffering. The Buddha taught that the only way to end suffering was to stop grasping at life and craving, although a person who is unhappy will want to try and hold on to the things which bring enjoyment and happiness. So, the only way to end craving is to discover inner happiness and satisfaction and learn to appreciate life just the way it is. If Buddhists can reduce craving. Tanha, it is because they enjoy life at the moment and they do not need to crave. Once all craving is diminished, a person reaches Nirvana, which is when a person is freed from craving. This third truth explains how to overcome suffering and achieve happiness. It explains that life would be happy and blissful if one learns to live each day at a time, never dwelling on the past or thinking too much about the future. The fourth truth, is the final truth. According to the fourth truth, to end suffering and reach nirvana, an individual must follow the Eight-fold Path. The Eightfold Path focuses on the mind and being aware of thoughts and actions. By being compassionate and kind to others and developing wisdom, one would have a better understanding of the Four Noble Truths. The fourth truth is â€Å"The Middle Way†, Magga and is set out in eight steps. These steps are eight features of a Buddhists life. By following the Eightfold Path, a person reduces the amount of suffering they have by living a life of virtue. People who follow the Eightfold Path usually have a positive outlook on other people, animals and the world. [5] The Eightfold Path The Eightfold Path aims to improve wisdom by practising right view and intention, ethical conduct, by practising right speech, action and livelihood and mental capabilities, by practising right effort, mindfulness and concentration. There are three aspects to the Buddhist way of life. Wisdom (prajna), Morality (sila) and Mental training (Samadhi). The Noble Eightfold Path is the way of wisdom. Number 1 is Right View, this is when a Buddhist seeks to follow the teachings of Buddha and deepen his or her understanding on life. Number 2 is Right Intention; it is the decision to follow the Buddhist path. Every action a person makes comes from a thought and this right intention is the positive thought a person needs to make in order to progress. All that we are is the result of what we have thought. The mind is everything. What we think we become. † Buddha. Number 3 is Right Speech. Right Speech is the principle of always expressing oneself in a way that enhances the quality of other peoples lives and does no harm. It means to not tell lies, refrain from lies and deceit, malicious language, angry or offensive language and gossip. One should always tell the truth, speak with warm gentleness and refrain from speak ing when they have nothing important to say. Number 4 is Right Action and it is to follow the fine general guidelines for life which are, 1, not to destroy life, 2, not to steal, 3, not to misuse sex or overindulge the senses, 4, not to lie, 5, not to drink alcohol or take drugs which can stop one from thinking clearly. Right Livelihood means that a person following the Buddhist path should refrain from employment that goes against Buddhist principles. Right Effort is to make a conscious effort to take away all negative, evil thoughts and replace them with good, positive ones. This step recognises that a Buddhist should be aware of this and make an effort to shape the way in which he or she thinks. Right Mindfulness is a state of heightened consciousness which a person has the mental ability to see the world around them clearly and with no delusion. Part of the mental training that Buddhists do aims at helping them become more aware of themselves and the world around them. People cannot control or develop themselves if they are unaware of how they feel or why they respond to life the way they do or they cannot help others if they are lost in a world of their own. Buddhists practise meditation to help them be aware of this. Right concentration is the belief that through meditation the mind is enable to become calm, clear, develop loving kindness and gain insight into the truths of life. The goal of this is to reach nirvana but regular meditation is a very important part of the life of every practising Buddhist. The Buddha taught that everything we do, think and say has a consequence or result. Kind actions have positive results while unkindness results in unhappiness. Buddhists believe in karma, which is the idea that actions have consequences. It is believed that karma is the result or consequence from a previous action, this is the way Buddhists believe that we influence the process of change and we shape the future by out actions of today. Buddhists believe in rebirth, which is the idea that creatures are constantly being born, growing old, dying and being born again. This is known as samsara and for Buddhists; rebirth is a constant process of change. What a person will be in another life develops out of what the person was before. Buddhists value compassion for others and causing them no harm above everything else. The Buddha taught that to reach enlightenment, one must develop two qualities, wisdom and compassion. Being kind, loving and compassionate to humans and animals are important values in Buddhism. Buddhists aim to live kindly and wisely and follow the teachings of the great spiritual leader Siddhartha Gautama, Buddha. Buddhists beliefs are based on the idea that all life involves suffering but by following the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, people can free themselves from suffering and move towards enlightenment. Buddhists values kindness, compassion and wisdom and believe that every action has a consequence which is karma, therefore always try to have a loving heart towards living beings and the environment and avoid causing harm. ———————– [1] Buddhism, A new approach, Steve Clarke and Mel Thompson, page 6 [2] Buddhism, A new approach, Steve Clarke and Mel Thompson, page 12 [3] Early Buddhist Discourses, Edited and Translated by John J. Holder [4] Buddhism, A new approach, Steve Clarke and Mel Thompson, page 22 [5] We are Buddhists, My Religion and Me, Philip Blake, page 13 How to cite What Are the Beliefs and Values of Buddhism, Essay examples

Telecommunication Technology History of Telecommunication

Question: Describe about the Telecommunication Technology for History of Telecommunication. Answer: Introduction From the ancient times the use of humans tried to contact with each other by staying at a distance from each other. For this they used the smoke signals or the drums to alert or inform the other people at a distance. In Africa, America and some parts of Asia these techniques were used in the ancient time. As discussed by Okada et al. (2013), these equipments are used to transmit the signal and to receive the transmitted signal by the other stations. Until 1930 the wired the electronic telecommunication systems first appears in the scenario. History of Telecommunication In the year 1838, the telegraph was invented. The telegraph was invented by Cook and Wheatstone and they demonstrated their telegraph machine to the directors of the London and Birmingham Railway. After six years the revolutionary communication language Morse codes by F.B Morse in the year 1844. In the same year, the first long distance message was sent from Baltimore to Washington. In the year 1970 the different private companies were nationalized. All the operations were maintained by the post offices (Hausman and Sidak 2014). In the year 1876 Graham Bell invented the telephone and demonstrated it publically. In the next year, 1878 the first telephone companies were established. After this, in the year 1891, the telephone link between London and Paris were established and the international telephone services started with the establishment of this link. The first automatic telephonic exchange for the public use was opened in Epsom, Surrey. This helped the people to make the calls without interference of the operator (Loomis and Wiedman 2012). After the First World War the number of services as well as the number of the telephones increased due the development in this field. In the next decade the rental and the call charges were reduced significantly (Hausman and Sidak 2014). Moreover the use of the coaxial cable in the telecommunication was introduced, as a result of now hundreds of calls can be sent over the pair of cables. In the year 1969, the large wide area network is developed by the ARPANET. After different modifications to the primary invention, the internet is now used by the billions of people worldwide and the number of users is increasing day by day. Basic telecommunication concepts The basics in the telecommunication can be stated as the different equipments, the communication channel or medium, the different services and the networks used in the communication processes (Okada et al. 2013). The basic elements or the equipments used in the telecommunication processes are signal, transmitters, transmission medium, receiver and a Transceiver. Signals In the telecommunication the most important thing is the signal. The signals can be analog as well as digital. Specifically for the analog signals there are some physical factors that can affect the performance of the signal. These physical factors are sound, light, temperature etc (Okada et al. 2013).The transmitter is used to take the information as the input and convert it into the signal. The receiver is the equipment that is used to convert the signal to the usable information (Hausman and Sidak 2014). At the end the transceiver thought as the tool that can act both as the transmitter and receiver of the signal. Transmission media and its categories The transmission media can be thought as the channel or medium that carries the signals. These channels can be free space, copper or co axial cable or the most efficient optical fiber (Loomis and Wiedman 2012). These channels can be divided into more subparts like the simplex, half duplex and duplex. Simplex The simplex channel provides the single way communication. Thus while using this channel there is only one transmitter and only one receiver at the other end. In these channel it is impossible to transmit and receive at the simultaneously. Figure 1: Simplex communication channel (Source: Ndujiuba and Ibhaze 2016, pp-21) Half duplex The half duplex channel is more efficient than the simplex channel. In half duplex channel, it is possible to send and receive the information from both ends (Hausman and Sidak 2014). If one end is sending data or information then the other end have to wait until it is complete to start the operation from the other end. In addition to that, the error detection can be done in this channel. Figure2: Half duplex channel (Source: Okada et al. 2013, pp-52) Full duplex In the full duplex channels the data can be sent and received in both ways. In this process one end does not have to wait for its turn as it has to in the half duplex mode. The duplex mode can be thought as a highway that has two lanes. Figure: Full Duplex channel (Source: Bruno and Manello 2015, pp-60) Communication networks The communication networks can be categorized into following categories, which are Metropolitan area network (MAN), local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN). LAN-The LAN is mainly designed for the small physical areas like for an office, building or a factory. This network type is also very helpful in sharing the available resources like the shared hard drives, printers etc. The LAN is used in connecting a small number of workstations in an office or factory (Al-Mufti and Kalenahalli 2014). The advantage of this network system is one of the workstations can became a server and the required softwares can be installed on it instead of installing on each of the workstations. MAN- The metropolitan area network is same as the LAN. This network type is used to cover a whole city. Moreover, it can be said that a MAN can consist a number of LANs (Hausman and Sidak 2014). This type of net works are mainly maintained and operated by a private or public company. WAN- The Wide area network is used to cover a large area like a state or a country. This kind of network is very complex and hard to maintain and troubleshoot. Communication services According to the major telecommunication companies the telecommunication services are categorized into three categories, which are the narrowband services, voice band service, and broadband services. Narrowband services- This handle the low data volumes. In this service the data transmission rate is between the 45 to 300baud (Okada et al. 2013). These services are suitable for the low speed devices. Voice band services- This services handles the data transmission between the 300 to 9600 baud. The main use of this service is in the telephonic voice communication. Broadband services-The broadband services are used to handle a large volume of data. This service helps in handling data up to 1 million baud or more (Ndujiuba and Ibhaze 2016). The satellite communication is an example of this kind of services. Comparison of Digital and analog communication technology The main difference between analog and digital communication technology is the difference between the concepts of "discrete time" and "continuous time". In case of the continuous time signals, it has values at the every point of time (Aguas-Martnez et al. 2016). On the other hand the discrete signals have discrete values and are based on samples. Sample represents the signal values between the two time points. Again the digital communication technology is mainly based on the discrete time signals (Okada et al. 2013). Moreover the signals in the digital communication technology is first sampled and then converted into the digital signals. Four key reasons to use the digital technology The digital communication technology is generally preferred in today telecommunication industry. There are several reasons behind this which can be stated as, a) Being more robust than the analog technology, thus it can be used in the noisy mediums. b) The digital signals can be packetized and transmitted through the packet network. This technique makes the whole communication process more reliable (Al-Mufti and Kalenahalli 2014). At the same time the output of the digital technology are also easy to store. c) The multiplexing process is much simpler in the digital process that in turn helps in reducing the cost related to it (Hausman and Sidak 2014). d) Several types of signals can be combined using digital communications technology, like audio, video, data, etc. Multiplexing and its various types Often it is seen that the capacity of a medium is much higher than the requirement of an individual user (Celandroni et al. 2013). Specifically it can be said that, the bandwidth of a medium is greater than the number of signals that is going to be transmitted in those mediums. The technical definition can be given by; Explanation and Analysis of the Technology of Multiplexing It is a way to transmitting multiple signals through a single transmission channel. By using a device known as multiplexer a finite number of signals are combined together to transmit over the medium and to use its full potential (Aguas-Martinez et al. 2016). At the other end another device known as demultiplexer is used to separate each and every signal by using the filtering process. In general there are three types of multiplexing are used in the telecommunication. These are a) Frequency division multiplexing (FDM), b) Time division multiplexing (TDM, and c) Wave division multiplexing (WDM). TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) The TDM is about using the transmission media or channel to send the signal depending upon the time slots (Hausman and Sidak 2014). In this technique a time slot is assigned for each of the signals. In this technique several low speed channels are multiplexed into a high-speed channel. Figure 3: TDM (Source: Loomis and Wiedman 2012, pp-53) FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) The FDM works primarily on the analog signals and their combination. In this multiplexing technique, signals are generated by transferring different device-modulated carrier frequencies. These modulated signals are then combined into one signal that can be transferred through the transmission media. Figure 4: TDM (Source: Hausman and Sidak 2014, pp-29) WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing) Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is the most promising concept in the multiplexing technology. This multiplexing technology uses the multiplexer at the transmitter to combine the signals and a demultiplexer at the receivers end. Figure 5: WDM (Source: Aguas-Martnez et al. 2016 pp-98) Definition of Digital carrier system, Backbone Transmission Networks and Optical Networks Digital Carrier System The digital carrier system can be thought as the medium whichcarriesdigital signals. It is equivalenttothephysical layer oftheOSImodelof networks (Hausman and Sidak 2014). The Carrierscanbe categorized into two categories which are baseband and broadband.Abasebandcarrier includes directcurrent. On the other hand broadband carriers are mainly modulated by various methods into frequency bands. Backbone Transmission Networks As the human backbone helps in providing the sensory signals to the different body parts of the through the smaller nerves, in the similar way the network backbone transmission network helps in carrying the data to the smaller lines of transmission. These backbones can connect several numbers of local area networks and helps in building a wide area network. Figure 6: Backbone transmission network (Source: Al-Mufti and Kalenahalli 2014, pp-72) Optical networks An optical network can be defined as a communication network that is built with optical fiber technology for the higher capacity and the speed of it. This network uses the optical fiber cables as the primary medium for conversion and the transmission of the data (Celandroni et al. 2013). By using an optical transmitter the electric signals are converted into the light pulses that can be sent over the optical fiber. Application of the above three technologies in the modern telecommunications Application of the digital career system- The digital career system helps in connecting the local area network to build the wide area network (Hausman and Sidak 2014). This wide area network helps the local area networks with the larger network like the internet. Application of the network backbone transmission- The network backbone transmission helps in transmitting the information or the signal to the smaller transmission channels that are comprised under a larger network system (Belle et al. 2014). The backbone transmission network also provides support to the local area network and metro area network. Application of optical networks - The optical fiber network helped the modern telecommunication industry to increase the transmission speed of the information or the signal. Now, the signal can be sent at the speed of light. Identification and Discussion on Major Wireless Technologies There are three major wireless technologies are in use in the modern telecommunication technology (Hausman and Sidak 2014). These are satellite communication technology, Bluetooth technology, wireless networking technology and the infrared technology. Satellite technology and the use of the GPS The satellite technology is one of the hugely spread technology all over the world. It helps its users to stay connected irrespective of their geographical position (Al-Mufti and Kalenahalli 2014). In this technology the user devices directly communicate with the orbiting satellites using the radio signals. Using the satellite technology and the GPS service it is possible to control the different mobile units like the delivery trucks from a centralized controlling location. Bluetooth technology The Bluetooth technology allows the user to create a connection between different electronic user devices wirelessly. After the connection is established then the users can share and transfer data between them (Celandroni et al. 2013). This technology generally connects the devices which are in certain range (20-50 feet). Infrared technology The infrared technology is used in the transmission system that transmits information signals using LEDs (light emitting diodes) or Lasers (Hausman and Sidak 2014). This technology uses electromagnetic energy. This energy uses a wavelength that is greater than the red light. This technology can provide speed from 100Kbps to 16Mbps. Impact of mobile voice and data communication on the business environment The profitability and the productivity of a business depend on the effectiveness and efficiency of the different operations in the organization. The business environment is globalized now; as result of it the organizations have the offices or branches to maintain the local business of the organization (Belle et al. 2014). Like the internet channel helped the customers to get their required products or services at their fingertips. They can order and get their products as per their wish. Also by the use of communication technology it is possible to track the shipment from the supplier. Key industries in the telecommunication center The key industries in the telecommunication sector are the service providers, wireless service providers, satellite telecommunication service providers, internet service providers, customer premise equipment development industry, network related and fiber optic manufacturing industry, satellite communication equipment development industry (Hausman and Sidak 2014). Examples of business organizations Service provider organization: O2 (A joint venture of BT group and Securicor) Internet service provider: TalkTalk Customer premise equipment development: British Glass Satellite communication equipment development: Spectra UK Ltd Customer premise equipment manufacturing: Binatone Business strategy of the organizations Strategy of O2: The business strategy of O2 mainly focuses on the quality customers and not on the quantity of the customers. The telecom industry is one of the rapidly growing industries of UK (Bell et al. 2014). The business strategies of O2 are to sell and provide more and more services to the existing customers than acquiring the new customers. Strategy of TalkTalk: The organization mainly concentrates on enhancing the customer experience. Campaigns are planned by targeting a specific segment of users. Strategy of British Glass: The organization takes initiative to introduce strong leadership in the organization to have increased productivity and profitability in its business. Strategy of Spectra UK Ltd: The organization provides services that are impartial and have the lowest prices compared to the other providers (Hausman and Sidak 2014). Also the organization uses trained engineers to provide efficient and quality services. Strategy of Binatone: To deliver the quality services to its consumers Binatone tries to implement new solutions that can manage the day to day maintenance of their network (Bruno and Manello 2015). The leaders of the organizations try to take care of the activities that are happening in the network, so that they can take faster decisions to solve any problem. Key areas of equipment and technology development Today the telecommunication is an important aspect of personal and business life. It helps in governing the way organizations do their business or a person interact with their dear ones .The telecommunication technology has evolved dramatically with respect to the last decade (Bell et al. 2014). The broadband revolution is now helping the business organizations to get the required data in seconds from the other end of the world. The other stakeholders like the subsystem and equipment manufacturers helps in completing the networks. Development Trends The revenue of the fixed voice services are declining day by day, at the same time the revenue from the mobile services has increased accordingly (Bruno and Manello 2015). Also this era of telecommunication is considered as the golden age of mobile broadband. It is expected that the number of mobile broadband users are going to be increased by 10 fold in the coming 5 years. Also the use of the HSPA/LTE is getting increased day by day in UK. This increase helps in providing better services to the consumers Conclusion As discussed in the above sections it can be concluded that the telecommunication technology has covered a long way from the smoke signals to the Internet. With all this improvements, the risks of failure related to the different communication channels are also a topic of serious concern. Moreover, it can be said that the different business organizations that depend on the telecommunication can have a bad impact of the failures and disruptions in the services. Therefore it is advised to use the latest technology and equipments like the optical fibers, network backbone transmission system must be used to effectively and efficiently use the different telecommunication technologies. References Aguas-Martnez, E.F., Puerto-Leguizamn, G.A. and o Surez-Fajardo, C.A., 2016. Dynamic WDM-TDM access networks featuring wired-wireless convergence/Red de acceso WDM-TDM dinmica con convergencia fija-inalmbrica.Revista Facultad de Ingeniera Universidad de Antioquia, (78), p.105. Al-Mufti, K.W. and Kalenahalli, S.A., Telecommunication Systems, Inc., 2014.Enhancing a-gps location accuracy and yield with location measurement units and network timing measurements. U.S. Patent Application 14/313,603. 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