Aging And Cognition Short Paper Essay - 2152 Words

Aging and Cognition Short Paper Allura Lothary One of the most crucial recurring themes regarding aging research has been what is the most valid and representative measurement of age. Chronological age has often been the standard measurement for conducting aging research, especially when focusing on comparisons between younger adults and older adults. However, several studies have shown that this measure alone may not be the most valid or best way to predict declines in cognitive functioning. From more recent studies, it seems that time to death instead of chronological age may be the best predictor of cognitive declines. Other measures such as health, future time perspective, and perceptions of aging have also been suggested as more definitive alternatives to chronological age. To demonstrate the difference in chronological age and time to death as a measure of old age, Hulur et al. (2015) used between and within person measures in order to demonstrate cognitive dedifferentiation at the end of the lifespan. This study found evid ence for dedifferentiation in cognitive abilities between and within persons. They were also able to find the most between person dedifferentiation when using time to death as the variable related to age, instead of chronological age. These results demonstrated the benefits to using time to death as a measurement in comparison to chronological age. Since they were able to test both measures, this showed clear evidence for which measure would beShow MoreRelatedGERIATRIC ASSESSMENT: MALNUTRITION989 Words   |  4 Pagesthe indicator of existing medical and socio-economic problems, but can also be a cause of physiological and psychological dysfunctions. Proper nursing assessment in the elderly should be applied in order to identify and address this problem. 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What Are the Beliefs and Values of Buddhism Free Essays

What are the beliefs and values of Buddhism? Buddhists follow the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama who is known as the Buddha, meaning the enlightened one. Buddhism originated in northern India and is the fourth largest religion of the world. However, Buddhism is more a philosophy or way of life other than a religion because unlike so many other religious traditions, Buddhism is founded on the teaching of a human being and not a god. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Beliefs and Values of Buddhism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Philosophy means love of wisdom and the Buddhist’s believe in leading a moral life, being mindful and aware of thoughts and actions and developing wisdom and understanding. Buddha Siddhartha Gautama was a warrior prince who founded Buddhism and lived from 566 to 483 BC [1]. He was born in Lumbini, in the Himalayas and lived in Northern India. Siddhartha Gautama was a prince of a wealthy, royal family, he was aware of his luxurious life as a prince and was tired of it. He wanted to discover the truth about life and spent many years in meditation, sitting underneath a Bodhi tree in order to discover a way to end suffering for everyone and to release himself from the material values of life. After many years under the Bodhi tree he came to an epiphany and become the â€Å"Buddha†. The night he became enlightened was divided into four periods in which he learnt something new each time. Firstly, he gained understanding of all the past, and of what had led him to the point of seeking enlightenment. He then understood the way in which all living things came into this world and pass away. After this, he understood how all the negative feelings and cravings that make people cling to life, bring more suffering and that he had overcome these cravings. Then, at dawn he gained full enlightenment and experienced the peace of Nirvana, which is the point where the three poisons, greed, hatred and ignorance disappear and a sense of happiness and calm is achieved. [2]After he was enlightenment at 35 years old, he travelled around India teaching the wise knowledge he had achieved. Siddhartha Gautama spent most of his life teaching in the cities of the Ganges plain and was the first person of his time to discover the true cause of suffering in the world and show people real compassion. Buddha is a itle, which means â€Å"the one who is enlightened† or â€Å"one who has woken up to the truth†. What makes a person a Buddha is that a Buddha discovers and teaches the path to enlightenment. According to Buddhist tradition, there have been and will be other Buddha’s. Siddhartha Gautama inspired people by what he did and what he taught, so that they followed him and tried to put his teachings into practice. Beliefs and Values of Buddhism Buddhists believe that everyone has the potential to become enlightened and that, by practising their religion, they will develop wisdom and happiness. Four Noble Truths In Siddhartha Gautama’s first sermon in the Deer Park in Varanasi, the holiest city of ancient India, he spoke about the Four Noble truths and the Eightfold Path. The four noble truths are the most basic expression of the Buddha’s teaching. In the Four Noble Truths Buddha sets out the problem of life, the cause of that problem, that the problem can be overcome and the way to achieve it. The First Truth is that all life involves suffering. The first truth is Dukkha, which is the pali word for suffering. 3] Dukkha is deeper than physical pain, it refers to the suffering that occurs on a number of levels. There is the suffering that comes with feeling sick, old age, death and injuries, which are inevitable as we are fragile human beings. [4] Then there is the frustration and the feeling of being discontent with life, that our life is not what we want or expect it to be and nothing is ever good enough. The second truth is that the origin of suffering is cr aving and attachment. The Buddha discovered that the direct causes of suffering are desire, craving, and ignorance and this is the cause of suffering. The belief that suffering is caused by craving is not the natural need for food or enjoyment from experiences in our lives but the attempt to hold on to the things we enjoy and never want to let them go and try to stop them from changing. In the second truth, it is said that the origin of suffering is attachment to desire and craving, greediness causes a person to never be happy or content. The third noble truth is Nirodha, which is the end of suffering. The Buddha taught that the only way to end suffering was to stop grasping at life and craving, although a person who is unhappy will want to try and hold on to the things which bring enjoyment and happiness. So, the only way to end craving is to discover inner happiness and satisfaction and learn to appreciate life just the way it is. If Buddhists can reduce craving. Tanha, it is because they enjoy life at the moment and they do not need to crave. Once all craving is diminished, a person reaches Nirvana, which is when a person is freed from craving. This third truth explains how to overcome suffering and achieve happiness. It explains that life would be happy and blissful if one learns to live each day at a time, never dwelling on the past or thinking too much about the future. The fourth truth, is the final truth. According to the fourth truth, to end suffering and reach nirvana, an individual must follow the Eight-fold Path. The Eightfold Path focuses on the mind and being aware of thoughts and actions. By being compassionate and kind to others and developing wisdom, one would have a better understanding of the Four Noble Truths. The fourth truth is â€Å"The Middle Way†, Magga and is set out in eight steps. These steps are eight features of a Buddhists life. By following the Eightfold Path, a person reduces the amount of suffering they have by living a life of virtue. People who follow the Eightfold Path usually have a positive outlook on other people, animals and the world. [5] The Eightfold Path The Eightfold Path aims to improve wisdom by practising right view and intention, ethical conduct, by practising right speech, action and livelihood and mental capabilities, by practising right effort, mindfulness and concentration. There are three aspects to the Buddhist way of life. Wisdom (prajna), Morality (sila) and Mental training (Samadhi). The Noble Eightfold Path is the way of wisdom. Number 1 is Right View, this is when a Buddhist seeks to follow the teachings of Buddha and deepen his or her understanding on life. Number 2 is Right Intention; it is the decision to follow the Buddhist path. Every action a person makes comes from a thought and this right intention is the positive thought a person needs to make in order to progress. All that we are is the result of what we have thought. The mind is everything. What we think we become. † Buddha. Number 3 is Right Speech. Right Speech is the principle of always expressing oneself in a way that enhances the quality of other peoples lives and does no harm. It means to not tell lies, refrain from lies and deceit, malicious language, angry or offensive language and gossip. One should always tell the truth, speak with warm gentleness and refrain from speak ing when they have nothing important to say. Number 4 is Right Action and it is to follow the fine general guidelines for life which are, 1, not to destroy life, 2, not to steal, 3, not to misuse sex or overindulge the senses, 4, not to lie, 5, not to drink alcohol or take drugs which can stop one from thinking clearly. Right Livelihood means that a person following the Buddhist path should refrain from employment that goes against Buddhist principles. Right Effort is to make a conscious effort to take away all negative, evil thoughts and replace them with good, positive ones. This step recognises that a Buddhist should be aware of this and make an effort to shape the way in which he or she thinks. Right Mindfulness is a state of heightened consciousness which a person has the mental ability to see the world around them clearly and with no delusion. Part of the mental training that Buddhists do aims at helping them become more aware of themselves and the world around them. People cannot control or develop themselves if they are unaware of how they feel or why they respond to life the way they do or they cannot help others if they are lost in a world of their own. Buddhists practise meditation to help them be aware of this. Right concentration is the belief that through meditation the mind is enable to become calm, clear, develop loving kindness and gain insight into the truths of life. The goal of this is to reach nirvana but regular meditation is a very important part of the life of every practising Buddhist. The Buddha taught that everything we do, think and say has a consequence or result. Kind actions have positive results while unkindness results in unhappiness. Buddhists believe in karma, which is the idea that actions have consequences. It is believed that karma is the result or consequence from a previous action, this is the way Buddhists believe that we influence the process of change and we shape the future by out actions of today. Buddhists believe in rebirth, which is the idea that creatures are constantly being born, growing old, dying and being born again. This is known as samsara and for Buddhists; rebirth is a constant process of change. What a person will be in another life develops out of what the person was before. Buddhists value compassion for others and causing them no harm above everything else. The Buddha taught that to reach enlightenment, one must develop two qualities, wisdom and compassion. Being kind, loving and compassionate to humans and animals are important values in Buddhism. Buddhists aim to live kindly and wisely and follow the teachings of the great spiritual leader Siddhartha Gautama, Buddha. Buddhists beliefs are based on the idea that all life involves suffering but by following the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, people can free themselves from suffering and move towards enlightenment. Buddhists values kindness, compassion and wisdom and believe that every action has a consequence which is karma, therefore always try to have a loving heart towards living beings and the environment and avoid causing harm. ———————– [1] Buddhism, A new approach, Steve Clarke and Mel Thompson, page 6 [2] Buddhism, A new approach, Steve Clarke and Mel Thompson, page 12 [3] Early Buddhist Discourses, Edited and Translated by John J. Holder [4] Buddhism, A new approach, Steve Clarke and Mel Thompson, page 22 [5] We are Buddhists, My Religion and Me, Philip Blake, page 13 How to cite What Are the Beliefs and Values of Buddhism, Essay examples

Telecommunication Technology History of Telecommunication

Question: Describe about the Telecommunication Technology for History of Telecommunication. Answer: Introduction From the ancient times the use of humans tried to contact with each other by staying at a distance from each other. For this they used the smoke signals or the drums to alert or inform the other people at a distance. In Africa, America and some parts of Asia these techniques were used in the ancient time. As discussed by Okada et al. (2013), these equipments are used to transmit the signal and to receive the transmitted signal by the other stations. Until 1930 the wired the electronic telecommunication systems first appears in the scenario. History of Telecommunication In the year 1838, the telegraph was invented. The telegraph was invented by Cook and Wheatstone and they demonstrated their telegraph machine to the directors of the London and Birmingham Railway. After six years the revolutionary communication language Morse codes by F.B Morse in the year 1844. In the same year, the first long distance message was sent from Baltimore to Washington. In the year 1970 the different private companies were nationalized. All the operations were maintained by the post offices (Hausman and Sidak 2014). In the year 1876 Graham Bell invented the telephone and demonstrated it publically. In the next year, 1878 the first telephone companies were established. After this, in the year 1891, the telephone link between London and Paris were established and the international telephone services started with the establishment of this link. The first automatic telephonic exchange for the public use was opened in Epsom, Surrey. This helped the people to make the calls without interference of the operator (Loomis and Wiedman 2012). After the First World War the number of services as well as the number of the telephones increased due the development in this field. In the next decade the rental and the call charges were reduced significantly (Hausman and Sidak 2014). Moreover the use of the coaxial cable in the telecommunication was introduced, as a result of now hundreds of calls can be sent over the pair of cables. In the year 1969, the large wide area network is developed by the ARPANET. After different modifications to the primary invention, the internet is now used by the billions of people worldwide and the number of users is increasing day by day. Basic telecommunication concepts The basics in the telecommunication can be stated as the different equipments, the communication channel or medium, the different services and the networks used in the communication processes (Okada et al. 2013). The basic elements or the equipments used in the telecommunication processes are signal, transmitters, transmission medium, receiver and a Transceiver. Signals In the telecommunication the most important thing is the signal. The signals can be analog as well as digital. Specifically for the analog signals there are some physical factors that can affect the performance of the signal. These physical factors are sound, light, temperature etc (Okada et al. 2013).The transmitter is used to take the information as the input and convert it into the signal. The receiver is the equipment that is used to convert the signal to the usable information (Hausman and Sidak 2014). At the end the transceiver thought as the tool that can act both as the transmitter and receiver of the signal. Transmission media and its categories The transmission media can be thought as the channel or medium that carries the signals. These channels can be free space, copper or co axial cable or the most efficient optical fiber (Loomis and Wiedman 2012). These channels can be divided into more subparts like the simplex, half duplex and duplex. Simplex The simplex channel provides the single way communication. Thus while using this channel there is only one transmitter and only one receiver at the other end. In these channel it is impossible to transmit and receive at the simultaneously. Figure 1: Simplex communication channel (Source: Ndujiuba and Ibhaze 2016, pp-21) Half duplex The half duplex channel is more efficient than the simplex channel. In half duplex channel, it is possible to send and receive the information from both ends (Hausman and Sidak 2014). If one end is sending data or information then the other end have to wait until it is complete to start the operation from the other end. In addition to that, the error detection can be done in this channel. Figure2: Half duplex channel (Source: Okada et al. 2013, pp-52) Full duplex In the full duplex channels the data can be sent and received in both ways. In this process one end does not have to wait for its turn as it has to in the half duplex mode. The duplex mode can be thought as a highway that has two lanes. Figure: Full Duplex channel (Source: Bruno and Manello 2015, pp-60) Communication networks The communication networks can be categorized into following categories, which are Metropolitan area network (MAN), local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN). LAN-The LAN is mainly designed for the small physical areas like for an office, building or a factory. This network type is also very helpful in sharing the available resources like the shared hard drives, printers etc. The LAN is used in connecting a small number of workstations in an office or factory (Al-Mufti and Kalenahalli 2014). The advantage of this network system is one of the workstations can became a server and the required softwares can be installed on it instead of installing on each of the workstations. MAN- The metropolitan area network is same as the LAN. This network type is used to cover a whole city. Moreover, it can be said that a MAN can consist a number of LANs (Hausman and Sidak 2014). This type of net works are mainly maintained and operated by a private or public company. WAN- The Wide area network is used to cover a large area like a state or a country. This kind of network is very complex and hard to maintain and troubleshoot. Communication services According to the major telecommunication companies the telecommunication services are categorized into three categories, which are the narrowband services, voice band service, and broadband services. Narrowband services- This handle the low data volumes. In this service the data transmission rate is between the 45 to 300baud (Okada et al. 2013). These services are suitable for the low speed devices. Voice band services- This services handles the data transmission between the 300 to 9600 baud. The main use of this service is in the telephonic voice communication. Broadband services-The broadband services are used to handle a large volume of data. This service helps in handling data up to 1 million baud or more (Ndujiuba and Ibhaze 2016). The satellite communication is an example of this kind of services. Comparison of Digital and analog communication technology The main difference between analog and digital communication technology is the difference between the concepts of "discrete time" and "continuous time". In case of the continuous time signals, it has values at the every point of time (Aguas-Martnez et al. 2016). On the other hand the discrete signals have discrete values and are based on samples. Sample represents the signal values between the two time points. Again the digital communication technology is mainly based on the discrete time signals (Okada et al. 2013). Moreover the signals in the digital communication technology is first sampled and then converted into the digital signals. Four key reasons to use the digital technology The digital communication technology is generally preferred in today telecommunication industry. There are several reasons behind this which can be stated as, a) Being more robust than the analog technology, thus it can be used in the noisy mediums. b) The digital signals can be packetized and transmitted through the packet network. This technique makes the whole communication process more reliable (Al-Mufti and Kalenahalli 2014). At the same time the output of the digital technology are also easy to store. c) The multiplexing process is much simpler in the digital process that in turn helps in reducing the cost related to it (Hausman and Sidak 2014). d) Several types of signals can be combined using digital communications technology, like audio, video, data, etc. Multiplexing and its various types Often it is seen that the capacity of a medium is much higher than the requirement of an individual user (Celandroni et al. 2013). Specifically it can be said that, the bandwidth of a medium is greater than the number of signals that is going to be transmitted in those mediums. The technical definition can be given by; Explanation and Analysis of the Technology of Multiplexing It is a way to transmitting multiple signals through a single transmission channel. By using a device known as multiplexer a finite number of signals are combined together to transmit over the medium and to use its full potential (Aguas-Martinez et al. 2016). At the other end another device known as demultiplexer is used to separate each and every signal by using the filtering process. In general there are three types of multiplexing are used in the telecommunication. These are a) Frequency division multiplexing (FDM), b) Time division multiplexing (TDM, and c) Wave division multiplexing (WDM). TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) The TDM is about using the transmission media or channel to send the signal depending upon the time slots (Hausman and Sidak 2014). In this technique a time slot is assigned for each of the signals. In this technique several low speed channels are multiplexed into a high-speed channel. Figure 3: TDM (Source: Loomis and Wiedman 2012, pp-53) FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) The FDM works primarily on the analog signals and their combination. In this multiplexing technique, signals are generated by transferring different device-modulated carrier frequencies. These modulated signals are then combined into one signal that can be transferred through the transmission media. Figure 4: TDM (Source: Hausman and Sidak 2014, pp-29) WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing) Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is the most promising concept in the multiplexing technology. This multiplexing technology uses the multiplexer at the transmitter to combine the signals and a demultiplexer at the receivers end. Figure 5: WDM (Source: Aguas-Martnez et al. 2016 pp-98) Definition of Digital carrier system, Backbone Transmission Networks and Optical Networks Digital Carrier System The digital carrier system can be thought as the medium whichcarriesdigital signals. It is equivalenttothephysical layer oftheOSImodelof networks (Hausman and Sidak 2014). The Carrierscanbe categorized into two categories which are baseband and broadband.Abasebandcarrier includes directcurrent. On the other hand broadband carriers are mainly modulated by various methods into frequency bands. Backbone Transmission Networks As the human backbone helps in providing the sensory signals to the different body parts of the through the smaller nerves, in the similar way the network backbone transmission network helps in carrying the data to the smaller lines of transmission. These backbones can connect several numbers of local area networks and helps in building a wide area network. Figure 6: Backbone transmission network (Source: Al-Mufti and Kalenahalli 2014, pp-72) Optical networks An optical network can be defined as a communication network that is built with optical fiber technology for the higher capacity and the speed of it. This network uses the optical fiber cables as the primary medium for conversion and the transmission of the data (Celandroni et al. 2013). By using an optical transmitter the electric signals are converted into the light pulses that can be sent over the optical fiber. Application of the above three technologies in the modern telecommunications Application of the digital career system- The digital career system helps in connecting the local area network to build the wide area network (Hausman and Sidak 2014). This wide area network helps the local area networks with the larger network like the internet. Application of the network backbone transmission- The network backbone transmission helps in transmitting the information or the signal to the smaller transmission channels that are comprised under a larger network system (Belle et al. 2014). The backbone transmission network also provides support to the local area network and metro area network. Application of optical networks - The optical fiber network helped the modern telecommunication industry to increase the transmission speed of the information or the signal. Now, the signal can be sent at the speed of light. Identification and Discussion on Major Wireless Technologies There are three major wireless technologies are in use in the modern telecommunication technology (Hausman and Sidak 2014). These are satellite communication technology, Bluetooth technology, wireless networking technology and the infrared technology. Satellite technology and the use of the GPS The satellite technology is one of the hugely spread technology all over the world. It helps its users to stay connected irrespective of their geographical position (Al-Mufti and Kalenahalli 2014). In this technology the user devices directly communicate with the orbiting satellites using the radio signals. Using the satellite technology and the GPS service it is possible to control the different mobile units like the delivery trucks from a centralized controlling location. Bluetooth technology The Bluetooth technology allows the user to create a connection between different electronic user devices wirelessly. After the connection is established then the users can share and transfer data between them (Celandroni et al. 2013). This technology generally connects the devices which are in certain range (20-50 feet). Infrared technology The infrared technology is used in the transmission system that transmits information signals using LEDs (light emitting diodes) or Lasers (Hausman and Sidak 2014). This technology uses electromagnetic energy. This energy uses a wavelength that is greater than the red light. This technology can provide speed from 100Kbps to 16Mbps. Impact of mobile voice and data communication on the business environment The profitability and the productivity of a business depend on the effectiveness and efficiency of the different operations in the organization. The business environment is globalized now; as result of it the organizations have the offices or branches to maintain the local business of the organization (Belle et al. 2014). Like the internet channel helped the customers to get their required products or services at their fingertips. They can order and get their products as per their wish. Also by the use of communication technology it is possible to track the shipment from the supplier. Key industries in the telecommunication center The key industries in the telecommunication sector are the service providers, wireless service providers, satellite telecommunication service providers, internet service providers, customer premise equipment development industry, network related and fiber optic manufacturing industry, satellite communication equipment development industry (Hausman and Sidak 2014). Examples of business organizations Service provider organization: O2 (A joint venture of BT group and Securicor) Internet service provider: TalkTalk Customer premise equipment development: British Glass Satellite communication equipment development: Spectra UK Ltd Customer premise equipment manufacturing: Binatone Business strategy of the organizations Strategy of O2: The business strategy of O2 mainly focuses on the quality customers and not on the quantity of the customers. The telecom industry is one of the rapidly growing industries of UK (Bell et al. 2014). The business strategies of O2 are to sell and provide more and more services to the existing customers than acquiring the new customers. Strategy of TalkTalk: The organization mainly concentrates on enhancing the customer experience. Campaigns are planned by targeting a specific segment of users. Strategy of British Glass: The organization takes initiative to introduce strong leadership in the organization to have increased productivity and profitability in its business. Strategy of Spectra UK Ltd: The organization provides services that are impartial and have the lowest prices compared to the other providers (Hausman and Sidak 2014). Also the organization uses trained engineers to provide efficient and quality services. Strategy of Binatone: To deliver the quality services to its consumers Binatone tries to implement new solutions that can manage the day to day maintenance of their network (Bruno and Manello 2015). The leaders of the organizations try to take care of the activities that are happening in the network, so that they can take faster decisions to solve any problem. Key areas of equipment and technology development Today the telecommunication is an important aspect of personal and business life. It helps in governing the way organizations do their business or a person interact with their dear ones .The telecommunication technology has evolved dramatically with respect to the last decade (Bell et al. 2014). The broadband revolution is now helping the business organizations to get the required data in seconds from the other end of the world. The other stakeholders like the subsystem and equipment manufacturers helps in completing the networks. Development Trends The revenue of the fixed voice services are declining day by day, at the same time the revenue from the mobile services has increased accordingly (Bruno and Manello 2015). Also this era of telecommunication is considered as the golden age of mobile broadband. It is expected that the number of mobile broadband users are going to be increased by 10 fold in the coming 5 years. Also the use of the HSPA/LTE is getting increased day by day in UK. This increase helps in providing better services to the consumers Conclusion As discussed in the above sections it can be concluded that the telecommunication technology has covered a long way from the smoke signals to the Internet. With all this improvements, the risks of failure related to the different communication channels are also a topic of serious concern. Moreover, it can be said that the different business organizations that depend on the telecommunication can have a bad impact of the failures and disruptions in the services. Therefore it is advised to use the latest technology and equipments like the optical fibers, network backbone transmission system must be used to effectively and efficiently use the different telecommunication technologies. References Aguas-Martnez, E.F., Puerto-Leguizamn, G.A. and o Surez-Fajardo, C.A., 2016. Dynamic WDM-TDM access networks featuring wired-wireless convergence/Red de acceso WDM-TDM dinmica con convergencia fija-inalmbrica.Revista Facultad de Ingeniera Universidad de Antioquia, (78), p.105. Al-Mufti, K.W. and Kalenahalli, S.A., Telecommunication Systems, Inc., 2014.Enhancing a-gps location accuracy and yield with location measurement units and network timing measurements. U.S. Patent Application 14/313,603. Balbi, G. and John, R.R., 2015. 2 Point-to-point: telecommunications networks from the optical telegraph to the mobile telephone.Communication and Technology,5, p.35 Bell, P., Pagano, D. and IsmailoviĆ¡, D., MoID GmbH, 2014.Method of operating a mobile telecommunication terminal. U.S. Patent 8,874,039. Bertin, E., Crespi, N. and Magedanz, T. eds., 2013.Evolution of Telecommunication Services: The Convergence of Telecom and Internet: Technologies and Ecosystems(Vol. 7768). Springer. Bray, J., 2013.The communications miracle: The telecommunication pioneers from Morse to the information superhighway. Springer. Bruno, C. and Manello, A., 2015. Benchmarking and effects of reforms in the fixed telecommunications industry: A DDF approach.Telecommunications Policy,39(2), pp.127-139. Celandroni, N., Ferro, E., Gotta, A., Oligeri, G., Roseti, C., Luglio, M., Bisio, I., Cello, M., Davoli, F., Panagopoulos, A.D. and Poulakis, M., 2013. A survey of architectures and scenarios in satelliteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based wireless sensor networks: system design aspects.International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking,31(1), pp.1-38. Dinde, S.R. and Patil, M.S., 2016. Self-Assistive System for Disabled People.Self,4(7). Hausman, J. and Sidak, J.G., 2014. Telecommunications regulation: Current approaches with the end in sight. InEconomic Regulation and Its Reform: What Have We Learned?(pp. 345-406). University of Chicago Press. Kesselring, S. and Vogl, G., 2013. The new mobilities regimes.New Mobilities Regimes in Art and Social Sciences, pp.17-36. Kim, D. and Solomon, M.G., 2013.Fundamentals of information systems security. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Klink, J., Podolska, M.J. and Uhl, T., 2012, April. Regulatory framework and technical aspects of broadband access to the Internet in Europe. InFuture Internet Communications (BCFIC), 2012 2nd Baltic Congress on(pp. 56-63). IEEE. Lawal, L.S., Ahmed-Rufai, T., Chatwin, C.R. and Young, R.C.D., 2013. Delivery of Broadband Services to Sub-Saharan Africa via Nigerian Communications Satellite.International Journal of Information and Computer Science (IJICS),2(5), pp.77-88. Lokhande, A., Bahe, S. and Kumar, B., 2014. Accident identification using ARM-7, GPS and GSM.Discov. Publ,18(53), pp.81-84. Loomis, D. and Wiedman, J., 2012. US BROADBAND PRICING AND ALTERNATIVES FOR INTERNET SERVICE.Forecasting the Internet: Understanding the Explosive Growth of Data Communications,39, p.217. Ndujiuba, C.U. and Ibhaze, A.E., 2016. Dynamic Differential Modulation of Sub-Carriers in OFDM.Journal of Wireless Networking and Communications,6(1), pp.21-28. Okada, K., Kondou, K., Miyahara, M., Shinagawa, M., Asada, H., Minami, R., Yamaguchi, T., Musa, A., Tsukui, Y., Asakura, Y. and Tamonoki, S., 2013. Full four-channel 6.3-Gb/s 60-GHz CMOS transceiver with low-power analog and digital baseband circuitry.IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,48(1), pp.46-65 Sadetzki, S., Langer, C.E., Bruchim, R., Kundi, M., Merletti, F., Vermeulen, R., Kromhout, H., Lee, A.K., Maslanyj, M., Sim, M.R. and Taki, M., 2014. The MOBI-Kids study protocol: challenges in assessing childhood and adolescent exposure to electromagnetic fields from wireless telecommunication technologies and possible association with brain tumor risk.Frontiers in public health,2, p.124. Sheha, M.A., Sheha, A., Petilli, S.G. and Dorfman, D., Telecommunication Systems, Inc., 2016.Method and system for collecting, synchronizing, and reporting telecommunication call events. U.S. Patent 9,344,850. Yang, H.H., Prakah-Asante, K.O., Tseng, F. and Strumolo, G.S., Ford Global Technologies, Llc, 2015.Method and apparatus for determining traffic conditions. U.S. Patent 8,977,479. Yates, P., 2015. Information and communication technology in Antarctica.Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy,3(4), p.26.

Preparation of Detergents Essay Sample free essay sample

If you look up detergent in a dictionary it is merely defined as cleansing agent. During the last two to three decennaries. nevertheless. the word detergent has tended to connote man-made detergent. or syndet for short. instead than the older soap. In fact. commercial preparations consist of a figure of constituents. and we shall utilize the term surface-active agent. or it’s abbreviation wetting agent. to depict the particular active ingredients that give detergents their unusual belongingss. Man-made detergents dissolve or tend to fade out in H2O or other dissolvers. To enable them to make this. they require distinguishable chemical features. Hydrophilic ( H2O loving ) groupings in their molecular construction. and hydrophobic ( H2O detesting ) groupings. assist the detergent in it’s â€Å"detergency† action. The first soaps were manufactured in ancient times through a assortment of methods. most normally by boiling fats and ashes. Archeologists unearthing site s in antediluvian Babylon have found grounds bespeaking that such soaps were used as far back as 2800 B. We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of Detergents Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page C. In Europe. the usage of soap declined during the Middle Ages. However. by the 15th century. its usage and industry had resumed. and an olive-oil based soap produced in Castile. Spain. was being sold in many parts of the known universe. Castile soap. which is still available today. has retained its repute as a high-quality merchandise. During the colonial period and the 18th century. Americans made their ain soap at place. where most continued to bring forth it until soap industry shifted off from single places to go an industry during the 1930s. The first detergent. or unreal soap. was produced in Germany during World War I. In 1946. the first built detergent appeared. consisting a wetting agent ( a surface-acting agent or soap ) and a builder ( a chemical that enhances the public presentation of the wetting agent every bit good as rendering the laundering procedure more effectual in other ways ) . Pushed along by economic prosperity and the development of comparatively cheap rinsing machines in the aftermath of World War II. detergent gross revenues soared ; by 1953. they had surpassed soap gross revenues in the United States. Categorization OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTSDetergents are classified as either:* Anionic: negatively charged caput* Cationic: positively charged caput* Non-ionic or impersonal: uncharged caput Class| Example| Chemical Properties| Uses|Anionic| CH3 ( CH2 ) 11OSO3-Na+Na dodecyl sulfate| Usually contain eithera sulphate ( SO4 ) head| widely used due to be and public presentation – wash detergents-dishwashing liquids-oven cleaners|| CH3 ( CH2 ) 11C6H4SO3-Na+Na dodecylbenzenesulfonate| or a sulfonate ( SO3 ) head| |Cationic| CH3 ( CH2 ) 11NH3+Cl-dodecylamine hydrochlorideCH3 ( CH2 ) 15N ( CH3 ) 3+Br-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide| Usually contain a modified ammonium ion as active site which produces a bactericidal action. More expensive than anionic detergents. | -cleaning plastics -hair shampoos -nappy washes-fabric softeners and conditioners|Non-ionicor neutral| CH3 ( CH2 ) 14COOCH2C ( CH2OH ) 3pentaerythrityl palmitate| Contains polar parts. eg. OH groups. to supply H2O solubility. No ionic groups so no reaction in difficult H2O.Low floging prevents froth build up in dish washers. | -car shampoos -dishwasher detergents-cosmetics| Anionic DetergentsA category of detergents holding a negatively charged surface-active ion. such as Na alkyl benzine sulfonate Neutral or non-ionic detergents:Non-ionic detergents are used in dish lavation liquids. Since the detergent does non hold any ionic groups. it does non respond with difficult H2Oions. In add-on. nonionized detergents foam less than ionic detergents. The detergent molecules must hold some polar parts to supply the necessary H2O solubility. Cationic Detergents: Another category of detergents have a positive ionic charge and are called â€Å"cationic† detergents. In add-on to being good cleaning agents. they besides possess germicidal belongingss which makes them utile in infirmaries. Most of these detergents are derived functions of ammonium hydroxide. A cationic detergent is most likely to be found in a shampoo or apparels â€Å"rinse† . The intent is to neutralize the inactive electrical charges from residuary non-ionic detergent ( negative ions ) detergent molecules. Since the negative charges repel each other. the positive cationic detergent neutralizes this charge. It may be surprising that it even works because the ammonium ( +1 ) N is buried under the methyl groups as can be seen in the infinite make fulling theoretical account. In the graphic on the left. the polar portion of the molecule consists of three intoxicant groups and an ester group. The non-polar portion is the usual long hydrocarbon concatenation Bile Salts – Intestinal Natural Detergents Bile acids are produced in the liver and secreted in the bowel via the saddle sore vesica. Bile acids are oxidation merchandises of cholesterin. First the cholesterin is converted to the trihydroxy derived function incorporating three intoxicant groups. The terminal of the methane series concatenation at C # 17 is converted into an acid. and eventually the amino acid. glycine is bonded through an amide bond. The acerb group on the glycine is converted to a salt. The gall salt is called sodiumglycoholate. Another salt can be made with a chemical called taurine. The chief map of gall salts is to move as a soap or detergent in the digestive procedures. The major action of a gall salt is to emulsify fats and oils into smaller droplets. The assorted enzymes can so interrupt down the fats and oils. Amphoteric Detergents These contain both acidic and basic groups in their molecule. and can move as cationic or anionic detergents. depending on the pH of the solution. or as both cation and anion. Amphoterics These have the features of both anionic detergents and cationic cloth softeners. They tend to work best at impersonal pH. and are found in shampoo’s. tegument cleaners and rug shampoo. They are really stable in strong acidic conditions and have found favors for usage with hydrofluoric acid. Key Concepts* Man-made detergents can be made from petrochemicals. fats and oils. * Man-made detergent molecules. like soap molecules. by and large consist of a hydrophilic caput and a hydrophobic tail. * The hydrophobic. long hydrocarbon concatenation tail of the detergent molecule is attracted to atoms of oil or lubricating oil by scattering forces ( Van der Waals or London or Weak Intermolecular Forces ) . * The hydrophilic. charged or polar caput of the detergent molecule is attracted to H2O molecules. * Man-made detergents are less sensitive to the effects of Ca and Mg ions in difficult H2O. * A figure of additives are used to heighten the cleansing ability of detergents. * Branched-chain man-made detergents are far less biodegradable than continuous-chain man-made detergents. Natural MaterialsAlthough people normally refer to laundry detergent as â€Å"soap. † it is really a man-made combination that maps much like soap. with certain major betterments. Soap cleans because each soap molecule consists of a hydrocarbon concatenation and a carboxylic group ( fatty acids ) that perform two of import maps. The carboxylate terminal of the soap molecule is hydrophilic. significance that it is attracted to H2O. while the hydrocarbon terminal of the molecule is both hydrophobic ( repelled by H2O ) and attracted to the oil and lubricating oil in soil. While the hydrophobic terminal of a soap molecule attaches itself to dirt. the hydrophilic terminal attaches itself to H2O. The soil attached to the carboxylate terminal of the molecule is chemically dragged off from the apparels being cleaned and into the wash H2O. Properly fomenting and rinsing the apparels furthers the cleaning procedure. The major trouble with utilizing soap to clean wash shows up when it is used in difficult water—water that is rich in natural minerals such as Ca. Mg. Fe. and manganese. When these chemicals react with soap. they form an indissoluble curd called a precipitate. Difficult to rinse out. the precipitate leaves seeable sedimentations on vesture and makes fabric experience stiff. Even H2O that is non particularly hard will finally bring forth precipitates over a period of clip. While the hydrocarbons used in soap by and large come from workss or animate beings. those used in detergent can be derived from rough oil. Adding sulphuric acid to the processed hydrocarbon produces a molecule similar to the fatty acids in soap. The add-on of an base to the mixture creates a surfactant molecule In the liquidizer method of doing pulverization laundry detergent. the ingredients—surfactant. builders. antiredeposition agents. and perfumes—are merely blended together in a sociable. released onto a conveyer belt. and packaged consequently. This method is favored by smaller companies. that will non bond with the minerals in difficult H2O. therefore avoiding the accretion of precipitates. In add-on to a wetting agent. modern detergent contains several other ingredients. Among the most important are builders. chemicals which serve several intents. Most significantly. they increase the efficiency of the wetting agent. They besides sequester minerals in difficult H2O. intending that they hold them in solution. forestalling them from precipitating out. Furthermore. builders can emulsify oil and lubricating oil into bantam globules that can be washed off. Some. like Na silicate. inhibit corrosion and assist assure that the detergent will non damage a washing machine. Still other builders contribute to the chemical balance of the wash H2O. doing certain that it conduces to effectual lavation. Modern detergents have several other ingredients including antiredeposition agents. chemicals that help forestall dirt from settling back on washed apparels. Fluorescent whitening agents are besides common. By change overing unseeable ultraviolet visible radiation into seeable bluish visible radiation. these aid to keep brightness or whiteness. Oxygen bleaches such as Na perborate better the detergence of the mixture. particularly in low-phosphate or no-phosphate merchandises. every bit good as assisting to take some types of discolorations. Processing AIDSs such as Na sulphate are besides used to forestall caking and to standardise merchandise denseness. Enzymes and aromas are besides found in commercial detergents. Enzymes ( a type of protein ) interrupt down some discolorations to do them easier to take and are an indispensable ingredient in assorted pre-soak merchandises used to handle to a great extent dirty apparels prior to washing. Aromas or aromas cover the smell of the soil and any chemical odor from the detergent itself. Suds control agents besides have a function in detergents—too many lathers can do mechanical jobs with a washing machine. The Manufacturing Procedure IntroductionIn the mid-1970’s when the linear TAED for low temperature was introduced the wash temperature could be reduced to significantly without loss of public presentation. therefore cut downing the sum of energy consumed by families. In add-on. there is now a important tendency towards tablets alternatively of pulverization. The beauty of the tablet format is the ability to offer an easy to manage merchandise that contains the exact sum of ingredients to supply optimum consequences. The chief environmental benefit is the significant decrease of chemical disposal into waste H2O intervention while guaranting the best wash consequence. The exact preparation of each tablet is critical and dependent on the public presentation of the eating device for each ingredient in the production line. End Products Since the terminal of the 80’s detergent composings have been rich in proficient developments: for illustration the debut of compact ( higher denseness ) pulverizations with activated bleach. colour foils. the debut of tablets and more late capsules. There is besides a tendency towards the usage of concentrated liquids. Loss-in-weight feeders are mounted in carousel manner. These units meter enzymes. Weigh belt feeders command the flow of detersive ingredients into the procedure. Other belt feeders are used as majority flow metres. Detergent pulverizations. tablets and capsules of different trade names are by and large packed in bags and boxes of different sizes. | Weigh Belt feeders control the flow of detersive ingredients into the procedure. Loss-in-weight feeders are mounted in carousel manner. These units meter enzymes. | Although there are three ways of fabricating dry wash detergent. merely two are normally used today. In the liquidizer procedure favored by smaller companies. the ingredients are mixed in big VATs before being packaged. The machines used are really big: a common liquidizer holds 4. 000 lbs ( 1. 816 kgs ) of assorted stuff. but the liquidizers can suit tonss runing from 500 to 10. 000 lbs ( 227 to 4. 540 kgs ) . By industry criterions. these are little batches for which the liq uidizer procedure is ideal. While some subsiding may happen. the resulting detergent is of high quality and can vie with detergents made by other procedures. The 2nd normally used method of production is called the agglomeration procedure. Unlike the liquidizer procedure. it is uninterrupted. which makes it the pick of really big detergent makers. The agglomeration procedure can bring forth between 15. 000 and 50. 000 lbs ( 6. 800 and 22. 700 kgs ) of detergent per hr. In the 3rd method. dry ingredients are blended in H2O before being dried with hot air. Although the resulting merchandise is of high quality. the fuel costs and technology jobs associated with discharge. reheating. and recycling the air have led to this method being mostly replaced by agglomeration. THE BLENDER PROCESS* First. ingredients are loaded into one of two machines: a toppling liquidizer or a thread liquidizer. The toppling liquidizer. shaped like a rectangular box. is turned and shaken from outside by a machine. while the thread liquidizer is a cylinder fitted with blades to grate and blend the ingredients. After the ingredients inside the liquidizer have been mixed. a room access at the underside of the bowl is opened. With the liquidizer still fomenting the ingredients. the mix is allowed to run out onto a conveyer belt or other imparting device. The belt so moves the detergent to another country of the mill where it can be dropped into boxes or cartons for bringing to jobbers or distributers. THE AGGLOMERATION PROCESS* In this method. dry ingredients for a detergent are first fed into a big machine known as a Shuggi agglomerator ( Shuggi is the maker ) . Inside the agglomerator. crisp. twirling blades mix the stuff to a all right consistence ; the procedure resembles nutrient being textured inside a nutrient processor. * After the dry ingredients have been blended. liquid ingredients are sprayed on the dry mix through noses fitted into the agglomerator’s walls. The blending continues. doing an exothermal ( heat-producing ) reaction to happen. The resulting mixture is a hot. syrupy liquid similar to gelatin that hasn’t hardened. * Next. the liquid is allowed to flux out of the agglomerator. As it leaves the machine. it collects on a drying belt where its ain heat. exposure to air. and hot air blowers render it friable—easy to oppress or crumple. The freshly made detergent is so pulverized and pushed through sizing screens that guarantee that no big bal ls of plain merchandise travel out to the market. The consequence of this procedure is a dry detergent made up of granules of the assorted detergent. THE SLURRY METHOD * In this procedure. ingredients are dissolved in H2O to make a slurry. With a pump. the slurry is blown through noses inside the top of a cone shaped container as hot. dry air is at the same time forced into the underside of the cone. As the slurry prohibitionists. â€Å"beads† of dry detergent autumn to the underside of the cone. where they can be collected for packaging. LIQUID DETERGENT * If the detergent is to be liquid instead than pulverization. it is merely assorted back in—after all ingredients are blended—with a solution consisting of H2O and assorted chemicals known as solubilizers. The solubilizers help the H2O and detergent blend together more to the full and equally. Quality Control Manufacturers invariably monitor the quality of their detergents. and they utilize the same proving methods to measure the effectivity of new merchandises. In one method. visible radiation is shined onto a piece of cloth that has been soiled and so washed in the trial detergent. The To do liquid detergent. the dry pulverization is merely assorted back in with a solution consisting of H2O and chemicals known as â€Å"solubilizers. † These chemicals help the H2O and detergent blend together more equally. sum of visible radiation reflected. compared to the sum reflected by a sample of the original cloth. is a step of cleanliness. A contemplation rate of 98 per centum is considered rather good and indicates that the detergent has cleaned decently. Another method involves laboratory combustion of a little sum of stuff that has been soiled and so laundered. The weight of the ashes. plus the weight of the gaseous consequences of the combustion. uncover how much of the soil remained in the cloth after washing. A consequence that is much higher than a clean trial sample indicates that a important sum of soil was retained in the laundered sample. Naturally. the end is to come as near to the weight of a clean control sample as possible. Production Procedure for Laundry Detergent Powder ProcessLaundry detergent production is typically a uninterrupted procedure. There are a big figure of ingredients which must be continuously. at the same time and accurately fed into a sociable or onto a conveyer belt. which in bend supplies the uninterrupted sociable. Feeding of Base Powder and Additives The base pulverization is produced from assorted solid and liquid ingredients. The existent mass flow rate of base pulverization being produced is metered by a Smart Weigh Belt. mounted at the discharge of either a spray tower or fluidized bed. Next. other loss-in-weight dry feeders add extra minor pulverization ingredients onto the conveyer belt with the base pulverization. The combined ingredients so enter a uninterrupted sociable. where liquid additives such as aromas are dosed in exact proportion utilizing liquid loss-in-weight feeders or liquid PID control. After blending. the detergent pulverization passes through a concluding sieving and metering phase. In the concluding measure. a Smart Weigh Belt transfers the finished merchandise into the wadding operation. There it flows straight to a wadding machine. tablet imperativeness or into FIBC’s for intermediate storage or majority conveyance. Typical Production Process for Laundry Detergent Powder Typical IngredientsThe pulverization feeder must manage a broad scope of ingredients such as:* Sodium carbonate* Sodium hydrogen carbonate* Sodium perborate* Sodium sulfate* Tetrahydrate* Sodium tripolyphosphate* Sodium silicates* Sodium percarbonate* Anionic detergents * Encapsulated enzymes* Colored beads* Anti-foaming pulverization* Polymers that release discolorations* Polymers that prevent new discolorations* Sodium silicates The liquid feeders supply:* Anionic detergents* Non-ionic* AromasSmart Weigh Belt Feeder for Base Powder ProductionThe K-Tron Smart Weigh Belt ( SWB ) feeder is the perfect solution for a compact gravimetric feeder which can manage big volumes of bulk stuff with different flow features. The SWB feeders offers uninterrupted online taring by utilizing two weigh faculties and are available in both 300 and 600 millimeter belt breadths. Automatic and uninterrupted online tarring of the weigh belt reduces dearly-won care. line closures and arduous manual standardization while at the same clip well bettering long term truth and stableness. The conveyer is removable from the chromium steel steel lodging via a telescopic support construction. This facilitates thorough cleansing of the feeder. Application A ; Technology* The application of the man-made detergents by and large produced a pronounced suppression of the lowering of the pH in plaques. but in no instance was the suppression complete. In comparable experiments Zephiran and Phemerol gave a greater grade of suppression than Damol and Tergitol-7. As a regulation. it was found that the eflect of the man-made detergents on the pH after 10 per cent glucose was much greater in the instances where the plaques were comparatively thin than when the plaques were comparatively thick. * Application of the man-made detergents in a solution incorporating an subsidiary substance. such as an alkaline buffer. did non significantly change the inhibitory consequence produced by the detergent. although some of the subsidiary agents did raise the pH degrees of both the control and trial pH curves. * The latest cleansing engineerings include enzyme-containing detersive preparations and zeolite-based detergents. Of these. the enzyme de tergents are turn outing highly utile in maintaining a cheque on environmental pollution. They offer a suited option to the man-made detergents with respect to their biodegradability. low toxicity. non-corrosiveness. environment-friendliness. enhanced cleaning belongingss every bit good as increased efficiency and stableness in different preparations.

Free Essays on Letting America Be

Letting America Be In the beginning of the poem, â€Å"Let America Be America Again,† Hughes writes about America as if it were once a country which people were able to â€Å"dream,† and be â€Å"free,† or never did â€Å"scheme.† However, our country was basically a place to take refuge from religious oppression and to make a lot of money for the country who supported us financially. Letting American be what she intended to be, is the spirit Hughes is trying to convey. We need to revive â€Å"the dream that’s almost dead.† Without the dream we once had, our country would not be what she is today. The spark of hope that things will get better always kept the â€Å"blue-collared† crew of America going. The â€Å"sweat and blood† and â€Å"faith and pain† held our country by the threads. Through the rain and snow, our country was built from the bottom up, by the workers of America. The workers of America, who never had the â€Å"American dream† come to a reality knows freedom is a whimsy thought which one day might come true. Our scheming country was hungry to find gold in the soil, to find riches in the soil through all means. â€Å"Tangled in that ancient endless chain† our country scurries around grabbing land and gold attempting to satisfy the need. To further increase our economy, minorities were shipped in to be bought and sold as slaves, or indentured servants. The price to come to America created indentured servants, working until they no longer owed any money. The many who came across â€Å"to build a ‘homeland of the free,’† and those who â€Å"sailed those early seas† came to America, searching for their means of a home. Where does the word free fit into a place such as that? I am sure people dreamed America to â€Å"be the dream the dreamers dreamed,† yet such disgraceful events took place. America boasts proudly of her freedom and equality, yet she never had it. Equality was only in the air of white ... Free Essays on Letting America Be Free Essays on Letting America Be Letting America Be In the beginning of the poem, â€Å"Let America Be America Again,† Hughes writes about America as if it were once a country which people were able to â€Å"dream,† and be â€Å"free,† or never did â€Å"scheme.† However, our country was basically a place to take refuge from religious oppression and to make a lot of money for the country who supported us financially. Letting American be what she intended to be, is the spirit Hughes is trying to convey. We need to revive â€Å"the dream that’s almost dead.† Without the dream we once had, our country would not be what she is today. The spark of hope that things will get better always kept the â€Å"blue-collared† crew of America going. The â€Å"sweat and blood† and â€Å"faith and pain† held our country by the threads. Through the rain and snow, our country was built from the bottom up, by the workers of America. The workers of America, who never had the â€Å"American dream† come to a reality knows freedom is a whimsy thought which one day might come true. Our scheming country was hungry to find gold in the soil, to find riches in the soil through all means. â€Å"Tangled in that ancient endless chain† our country scurries around grabbing land and gold attempting to satisfy the need. To further increase our economy, minorities were shipped in to be bought and sold as slaves, or indentured servants. The price to come to America created indentured servants, working until they no longer owed any money. The many who came across â€Å"to build a ‘homeland of the free,’† and those who â€Å"sailed those early seas† came to America, searching for their means of a home. Where does the word free fit into a place such as that? I am sure people dreamed America to â€Å"be the dream the dreamers dreamed,† yet such disgraceful events took place. America boasts proudly of her freedom and equality, yet she never had it. Equality was only in the air of white ...

Analytic Report - Outsourcing Essay Example for Free

Analytic Report – Outsourcing Essay Offshore outsourcing, the sending of jobs to lower wage countries, has become a very popular practice amongst U. S. companies seeking ways to cut back on their operating costs. The idea of outsourcing has made for a highly emotional situation because of two dramatically different effects: it leads to layoffs and dislocations for workers. Well-educated workers in other countries are willing to work for a fraction of the wages paid to Americans, resulting in massive savings for American companies. The U. S. mports goods that would cost higher to produce domestically, and it creates and sells to other countries goods that would cost more for them to create on their own. The immediate problem resulting from outsourcing jobs is workers in the U. S. can become unemployed. The problem that causes a debate over outsourcing is even though it promises a better life for all involved; it causes hardships on the American workers when they are laid off. Economists argue that outsourcing is a bad choice because of the workers that are being laid off and displaced. In analyzing the Case Study IV-3 – IT Infrastructure Outsourcing at Schaeffer (A): The Outsourcing Decision, both sides of the outsourcing debate are well represented. Once the Schaeffer board assigned the highly ambitious growth goals to Reitzel, the Vice President of Human Resources made the recommendation that they outsource some of its IT processes and resources. During the initial evaluation of the possibility of outsourcing, Schaeffer determined what the benefits would be of having a vendor manage their IT. They determined that they would be able to focus on core activities during growth periods, which would help them to meet the goals set forth by the board. Outsourcing IT will allow them to remain focused on those business activities that are important without sacrificing quality or service to their customers. Next, they would be able to achieve reduced overhead costs and better operational control. An outsourcing company could bring better management skills to a company than what would otherwise be unavailable to them. Another added benefit would be staffing flexibility. Outsourcing will allow operations that have seasonal or cyclical demands to bring in additional resources when needed and release them when they are finished. Outsourcing these functions can provide the additional resources for a fixed period of time at a consistent cost. Continuity and risk management would also be greatly improved because when you have periods of high employee turnover which add uncertainty and inconsistency to the operations, outsourcing would provide a level of continuity while reducing the risk that a substandard level of operation would impact the company and its customers. They also determined that outsourcing could help diversify and develop the staff by bringing in people with skills that are needed within the company and by providing training opportunities that had not previously been available for current staff. Once the idea of outsourcing was presented, a task force was created to analyze their current processes and map them in as great a detail as possible. This would help them to determine exactly what their outsourcing needs were going to be. They brought on an outside consultant who provided them with advice on how to proceed as well as detailed templates to assist them in gathering the necessary information to help them create the Request for Proposal (RFP). They determined that they wanted to outsource the data center, distributed computing (all desktops), voice (telephones), data networks, and the helpdesk. It was also determined that they did not want to outsource their development resources. The task force spent a year gathering data and filling out the templates so that they had a complete picture of their current services to better understand their outsourcing needs. They then spent several months preparing a 200-page RFP that could be provided to possible outsourcing vendors. After receiving two strong proposal responses, it was determined that ABC Corporation would be the best fit for Schaeffer’s outsourcing needs. There was a lot of negotiation to be able to bring the price within the needs of the company, but after several weeks of back and forth an agreement was reached. The next step was to get Schaeffer’s top management’s buy-in to the task force’s recommended solution. However, once the task force report was circulated internally, there were a lot of perceived disadvantages raised by its managers. One of the first concerns that was brought up with the consistency and priority of service that Schaeffer would receive. Most outsourced IT contracts are for a relatively long time-period. This is because of the high cost of transferring assets and employees as well as maintaining technological investment. The long time-period of the contract can cause three particular problems. One, difficulties in getting out of a contract if the supplier turns out to be unsuitable; two, problems in foreseeing what the business will need over the life of the contract hence creating difficulties in negotiating new services; and three, almost insurmountable problems in re-creating an internal IT department after the contract period is over or the relationship is terminated. Another major concern that was discussed was the impact to employee morale with the inevitable reduction in Schaeffer IT personnel, where some would be absorbed by the vendor but most would be given a severance package and laid off. And the employees who remain may distrust management after outsourcing because they will become fearful that their position could be targeted next. Administration should treat morale problems seriously and will need to work with staff to rebuild their trust and loyalty. The company is a major employer in the area so the decision to outsource could also have a ripple effect in the community by damaging their reputation. The vice president for finance of the Colbert division brought up the concern that the major benefits of outsourcing would only be beneficial to the Reitzel division whereas the other two divisions would incur additional costs without additional benefits. This concern led to a third alternative being suggested; outsource the IT infrastructure just for the Reitzel division. Based on the information included in the case study for all three alternatives, outsourcing should be the chosen solution. It is the most flexible solution for their growth goals. Outsourcing would allow for them to expand in areas more quickly without all of the time and costs associated with startups. The vendor already has the infrastructure to support the areas that they most want to expand into, allowing for quicker turnaround times in meeting customer needs and wants, especially for new business growth. If they kept the IT in-house, they would need to make a substantial investment of both time and money in expanding their services and support that would be needed for new business and it would need to be done very quickly to be able to meet the goals set by the Board of Directors. If they tried to adopt the third alternative, of only outsourcing the IT for the Reitzel division, it would negate all of the time and cost savings of the consolidation of the divisional IT groups into a shared services solution. It would then cause duplication of work and processes between the in-house IT team and the outsourced group, which would be impactful to the overall costs for all divisions. Each solution had its own pro’s and con’s, and needed to be evaluated against the best interest in achieving Schaeffer’s overall goals in the marketplace. Like it or not, change is an integral part of today’s business climate. In the workplace, changes can occur as a result of new thinking, advances in technology, innovation and progress, knowledge and communication, as well as mergers, takeovers, layoffs, and downsizing. A lot of the concerns and disadvantages were voiced after the task force’s recommendation had been developed, presented, and circulated within the company. Communication is key! This could have been avoided by having better communication throughout the life cycle of the whole process, from the information gathering, to the development of the RFP, and the presenting of the final recommendations. A lot of people probably felt blindsided by the proposed solution to outsource the IT infrastructure because they have been conditioned to fear change. We must not lose sight of the fact that change is normal, and most of us will experience unpredictable changes throughout our professional lives. However, there is no doubt that everyone views change from a different perspective than everyone else. Many employees believe that management doesn’t understand their side of the story, and managers often feel it is the employees who don’t understand why the change is necessary. This is why communication is so vital during any change circumstance. It’s been said that lack of communication is the number one reason why relationships deteriorate between employers and employees. Change will require open communication on both sides. None of us want to acknowledge that we doubt our ability to integrate new ideas, use new technology, or adapt to new organizations. We don’t even want to think about what’s ahead when outsourcing a whole department: new management structure, new processes and procedures, new terminology, new titles and job descriptions, not to mention the loss of longtime co-workers, friends, and family. The more we fight and resist the change, the more painful and frightening the changes will be. Resisting doesn’t keep a new idea from taking hold; it simply makes the process longer and more painful. Change will happen no matter what. We will handle it better when we learn to move with the change – not against it. It’s natural to fear the unknown and lack of control when it comes to embracing a new concept such as outsourcing that goes completely against the traditional workplace structure. There will be a lot of struggle during the transition period. We know we will have to work a lot harder. Are we willing to let go of the present to embrace the future? We may not know what the future will bring, but we are responsible for what we bring to the future. Analytic Report – Outsourcing. (2016, Dec 10).

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Paper - Essay Example Panem is the nation that Hunger Games took place which is in North America. This nation has 12 districts with Capitol being one of the districts that are wealthiest district. All the other 12 districts are poor but District 12 is located in a region where coal is available in plenty, the region was known as Appalachia. In each and every district on annual basis a boy and a girl who are in the age of 12 to 18 are taken where they compete in battle of death where one individual should only remain after the battle. The selection of the participant is done by a lottery method. In the theme of inequality between rich and poor in Panem wealth is concentrated on the hands of few individuals who live in Capitol and other certain districts. This is due to the difference between individuals who are rich and those who are poor. This difference is revealed in the novel but the most notable difference is on food. In those districts which the poor are numerous, many of the individuals do not have anything to eat and they starve while others have plenty in the Panem. Katniss lives in the district 12 and thus as a resident she notes starvation is a common to all the residents of district 12. This means that she has to take all the measures possible so that she can get something for the family using illegally ways. She even goes to an extent of going beyond the borders of the district 12 so that she can get food for her family. Most of the residents in district 12 do not know to hunt and thus they see as if katniss family has a lot while it was just something small. A fter the hunt Katniss family concludes that if one has something to eat others are luxuries. Katniss, while looking for food learns that peeta’s family has a lot since they have a bakery and thus they are considered as the rich in the district. Katniss is not able to buy the food and thus depends on the leftovers. When she is in Capitol, she finds that everybody who is there is enjoying lavish feast and other

Concert report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Concert report - Assignment Example Truly speaking, I was not aware that we were not required to take notes. I was really surprised to learn that some of my colleagues were aware of the fact that they were not required to take notes. Still, I must say that the provision of not taking the notes really heightened my capacity to appreciate and enjoy the concert. Since I did not take notes, I was in a better position to get lost in the compositions being played and to enjoy the music played with all of my senses focused on it. Had I been busy taking notes, I would have approached the concert with a mainly theoretical perspective and my responses to the music would have been measured, planned and I must say a little bit plastic. The conversation I had with my colleagues before the concert tilted more towards the technicalities of music. However, once we started listening to the concert, many of my colleagues did acknowledge that it was an amazing experience. Some of my colleagues were really moved by the pieces being played . At a personal level I could qualify my overall experience to be moving, stimulating and encouraging. I was really lucky to get exposure to such a high quality musical experience. It not only enhanced my capacity to appreciate music, but also further stimulated me to learn more about Western music and to attend more such concerts in the future. It was an experience that touched my soul and calmed my senses and mind. Though all the pieces played in the concert were great and marvelous, yet, the piece that really grabbed my attention and emotions was Old Hungarian Dances. This is because this piece had a unique appeal to it. If on the one side the actual rendering of this piece was really sophisticated and professional, on the other side it had a rustic tilt to it that gave way to a sense of joy and elation in me. I must say that I would like to

Insider Dealing in Hong Kong Essay Example for Free

Insider Dealing in Hong Kong Essay Although insider dealing has been a criminal offence under section 291 of Chapter 571, Securities and Futures Ordinance (SFO) in Hong Kong since 2003, the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) was initially slow to prosecute offenders, commencing its first criminal insider dealing prosecution only in January 2008. Factors to be considered to commence criminal proceedings In deciding whether to commence criminal proceedings against an alleged insider dealer, the SFC will have regard to the guidelines in the prosecution policy of the Department of Justice, which require two basic factors to be considered: 1. Sufficiency of evidence The burden of proof is greater in criminal proceedings and the SFC will generally only recommend criminal proceedings where there is admissible, substantial and reliable evidence that an offence has been committed and there is a reasonable prospect of a conviction. Where there is a lack of sufficient evidence to meet the criminal burden of proof, the SFC is likely to initiate civil proceedings. 2. Public interest Whether, taking into account the circumstances of a particular case, it is in the public interest to bring a prosecution before the courts. First Criminal Case of Insider Dealing in Hong Kong In the case of HKSAR v Ma Hon-yeung (DCCC 229-240/2008) which involved Ma Hon-yeung, former Vice President of BNP Paribas Peregrine Capital Ltd, now known as BNP Paribas Capital (Asia Pacific) Ltd (BNP Paribas), an investment bank. The case is related to trading in the shares of Egana Jewellery Pearls Ltd (Egana), a listed company in Hong Kong prior to an announcement made to the market on 11 Jul 2006 aboutprivatization of the company. Ma Hon-yeung learned of a proposed privatization of Egana and tipped off his girlfriend, Ivy Lo Yuk-wah and three other family members, Sammy Ma Hon-kit, Cordelia Tso Kin-wah and Ronald Ma Chun-ho, within days of becoming privy to the proposed deal. All of them bought shares in Egana before the company announced a privatization plan and made a profit as a result. Between 1 June 2006 and 6 July 2006, trading in Egana’s shares ranged between HK$1.35 and HK$1.61 with average daily turnover of 636,630 shares. Trading in the shares of Egana and EganaGoldpfeil were suspended on 7 July 2006 pending an announcement. On 11 July 2006, Egana and EganaGoldpfeil made a joint announcement about a proposed privatization of Egana. The proposal offered shareholders a choice of receiving HK$1.80 per share or one share of EganaGoldpfeil for every 1.5 Egana shares or a combination of both. Following the announcement on 11 July 2006 the share price closed at HK$1.84 with substantially increased turnover of 25 million shares. The privatization proposal was approved by shareholders and by the court and became effective on 23 October 2006. Egana was delisted on the following day. Ma acted as a financial consultant for Egana during the privatization move, which he knew was confidential, price sensitive information. Ma had counselled or procured Ivy and Sammy to trade in Egana shares. He was convicted of insider dealing contrary to section 291(1)(b). Ivy, bought 1.51 million shares in Egana between June 20 and July 6, 2006. She was convicted of insider dealing contrary to section 291(5)(a). Ma transferred a total HK$1.7 million into Ivys account before the privatization announcement. She later sold the shares and transferred the money back to Ma’s account. Sammy , Cordelia and Ronald bought Egana shares separately from July 6. Sammy, Ronald and Cordelia traded in Egana shares having information through Mas connection to Egana about the proposed privatisation. Owing to their close family relationship between Ma andhis three family members, who received and made profit by utilizing such information, all of them were convicted of insider dealing contrary to section 291(5)(a) and (8) of SFO. Ma and Ivy were given custodial sentences of 26 months and 12months respectively. Ma’s three family members were ordered to serve 200 hours of community service. Fines were also imposed in amounts equivalent to the profits they had made while dealing in Egana shares ahead of the privatization which are HK$230,000, HK$210,000, HK$330,000, HK$110,000 and HK$17,000 respectively. The Court also ordered them to pay the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) investigation costs totaling HK$322,742. This is the first time any person has been sentenced to jail for insider dealing in Hong Kong. The family members avoided custodial sentences because they were merely opportunistic investors making use of the relevant information divulged by the vice-president. There was no evidence that they assisted him in carrying out his plot for personal gain by using insider information. The conduct of the girlfriend, on the other hand, warranted a custodial sentence as she was the person executing the plot on behalf of the vice-president. She was fully aware of his position of trust in the financial institution and had used her trading account to perpetrate the plot. As such, the court viewed her involvement in the misconduct as being much more serious than that of an opportunistic investor; community service could not adequately reflect her culpability. However, we continue to see obvious and flagrant breaches of the insider dealing laws, such as insiders and/or their families’ members will exploited the confidential information they obtained to make a gain on disposal of shares. One of the reasons may be that the punishment for insider dealing in Hong Kong is mild for the offenders.

Breastfeeding: Numerous Benefits for Mom and Baby Essay -- Expository

Breastfeeding: Numerous Benefits for Mom and Baby Abstract If parents care so much about their child when she grows up, it should begin from the moment of conception. The benefits of breastfeeding aren't always in the first year; many of the benefits last a lifetime. However, many parents don't know how good breast milk is for a child. Nowadays, mothers blame their busy schedules and use it as an excuse to formula feed their baby. Breastfeeding does not only benefit the baby, but also the mother. The benefits of breastfeeding are so abundant, mothers shouldn't ever consider feeding their baby formula. Breastfeeding: Nipple, Breast & all the Rest Today, breasts have gained the image of a sex symbol. Society forgets the main purpose women were blessed with breasts. Breasts were initially created for feeding and nurturing offspring, commonly known as breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is more than a baby simply sucking on a woman's breast. It is the natural way of feeding offspring that women have been doing for centuries. Breastfeeding is a beautiful way of nurturing a baby, and it automatically creates a special bond between a mother and her baby. The benefits of breastfeeding out number all, if there are any benefits of formula feeding. History of Breastfeeding In 1700-1600 BC, breastfeeding was the only option. If human offspring was not breastfed, just like other mammals, it would not survive. There was no question as to, "Was the baby breastfed?" but, "Was the baby breastfed by its own mother, a relative, friend, or wet nurse?" A wet nurse was usually hired and employed to supply milk to babies born to the wealthy. A widespread of wet-nursing for the royalty and others who were born high in rank began during ... ..., January/February). Assisting new mothers with infant feeding when breastfeeding is not an option. Pediatric Nursing, 27, 47-49. Greene MD, Alan. (1996, June). Benefits to breastfeeding. Retrieved March 11, 2003 from http://www.drgreene.com/21_552.html Kelly. (February 1998). Should breastfeeding continue when mom is sick? Retrieved March 25, 2003 from http://www.kellymom.com/meds/mom-illness.html Michels, Dia L. (1998). Mother nature loves breastmilk [sic]. Retrieved March 9, 2003 from http://www.breastfeeding.com/reading_room/mother_nature.html Ratner MD, Adam. (2002, May). Common breastfeeding problems. Retrieved March 24, 2003 from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002452.htm Stuart-Macadam, Patricia & Dettwyler, Kathrine A. (Eds). (2002). Breastfeeding history. Retrieved March 23, 2003 from http://www.seldomfar.com/nurturing/bfhistory.htm

A study of reading habits Essay

The theme of journeys is present in Philip Larkin’s poem, A Study of Reading Habits. However, it is not a physical journey that we see, but a metaphorical journey about the speaker’s life progression through his changing escapisms created by books. The title is a mock, serious title for it sounds like a piece of academic research Larkin uses first person persona to give expression to things he would prefer not to have attributed to himself. The structure of the poem divided into three stanzas; school years, adolescent years and the present. The tone is sarcastic and colloquial, that along with the shorter lines, creates a less serious poem from Larkin. In the first part of his journey, the persona is imaginative and loves to read, so much so that is it ‘ruining [his] eyes’. He imagines a fantasy world where he could be cool and ‘deal out the right hook to his bullies’. The alliteration of ‘dirty dogs’ is symbolism of the persona’s bullies, which portrays them as the villains. It is the stories, which makes him believe he is invincible, like that of the heroes he reads about. The stories provide an escapism to which he can be brave, hero, and not the bullied kid to which he is in reality. There is a smooth, harmonious quality in the beginning stanza due to Euphony. This underscored how easygoing and fantasy-like childhood can be. The second part of his journey represents his adolescent years. We now see him with ‘inch thick specs’, which is ironic to him previously stating his compassion for reading was ‘ruining [his] eyes’. We see the persona become more gothic and dark, with his new love of Horror Fiction. ‘Cloaks and fangs’ sounds dangerous and eerie, which is his new escapism. Some critics suggest that ‘ripping’ could be vampire vocabulary but it also can refer to being posh. Through his journey through stanza two, we see him move on to more lustrous novels, where his escapism is him being a womanizer. Larkin use borrowed language of ‘clubbed with sex’ and ‘broke them up like meringues’ to create the poet’s whimsical world. The similie refers to his lust for sexual encounters with women. The phrases are quite cheesy and some suggest it is bad writing on Larkin’s behalf, but some argue it is Larkin trying to sound like a bad guy. Larkin is trying too hard to sound like Raymond Chandler’s character, Marlowe, but it just doesn’t work. In the final part of the persona’s journey, which leads him up to the present tense, we see a completely conflicting view of reading. In the final stanza the speaker comes to terms with reality; he can no longer hide behind books. He realizes that his world is less fulfilling than the fantasies portrayed in books, and says ‘don’t read much now’. He feels betrayed by books and his tone becomes bitter. The ‘yellow’ figure evokes the sense of weakness and represents cowardly characteristics. This metaphor produces the effect of a cowardly character, which evidently relates to the persona. This means he can no longer fantasice for the characters he looked up to are weak. With no more escapism, the persona no longer wants to read. In the penultimate line of the poem Lark says ‘Get stewed’, which is said in a light hearted jokey way. Some suggest it refers to getting drunk, which may be his alternative escapism, but some argue it means get lost, referring to the disappointment. On the contrary, the final line represents the persona’s new feelings towards books. He believes they are a worthless â€Å"load of crap†. The theme of the poem is that escapism and ignoring reality only makes life less fulfilling, which is illustrated through the theme of a journey.

Effect Of Social Media To The Students

Just as the Internet has changed the way Canadians buy music, organize vacations, and research school projects, it has also affected how they interact socially. Through the use of social media, people can exchange photos and videos, share news stories, post their thoughts on blogs, and participate in online discussions. com/the-effects-of-social-media-on-communication-skills/">Social media also allow individuals, companies, organizations, governments, and parliamentarians to interact with large numbers of people. In conjunction with the increase in online activity, there are concerns about the ways in which the personal information that is shared by social media users may be collected and analyzed.This paper gives a brief overview of the evolution and development of social media, looks at how their attributes affect the way people interact online, and considers their potential social and economic impact. 2 What are Social Media? The term â€Å"social media† refers to the wide range of Internet-based and mobile services that allow users to participate in online exchanges, contribute user-created content, or join online communities.The kinds of Internet services commonly associated with social media (sometimes referred to as â€Å"Web 2.0†) include the following:1 Blogs. Short for â€Å"web log,† a blog is an online journal in which pages are usually displayed in reverse chronological order. 2 Blogs can be hosted for free on websites such as WordPress, Tumblr and Blogger. 3 Wikis. A wiki is â€Å"a collective website where any participant is allowed to modify any page or create a new page using her Web browser. †4 One well-known example is Wikipedia,5 a free online encyclopedia that makes use of wiki technology Social bookmarking.Social bookmarking sites allow users to organize and share links to websites. Examples include reddit, StumbleUpon and Digg. 6 Social network sites. These have been defined as â€Å"web-based services that al low individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. †7Among the most popular in Canada are Facebook and LinkedIn.8 Status-update services.Also known as microblogging services, status-update services such as Twitter9 allow people to share short updates about people or events and to see updates created by others. 10 Virtual world content. These sites offer game-like virtual environments in which users interact. One example is the imaginary world constructed in Second Life,11 in which users create avatars (a virtual representation of the user) that interact with others. 12 Media-sharing sites. These sites allow users to post videos or photographs.Popular examples include YouTube, Pinterest and Instagram. 13 These categories overlap to some degree. Twitter, for example, is a soc ial network site as well as a status-update service. Likewise, users of the social network site Facebook can share photographs, and users of the media-sharing site Pinterest can follow other people. 3 The Evolution of Social Media In the late 1990s, as broadband14 Internet became more popular, websites that allowed users to create and upload content began to appear. 15 The first social network site (SixDegrees. com) appeared in 1997.From 2002 onward, a large number of social network sites were launched. Some – such as Friendster – enjoyed a surge of popularity, only to fade. Others developed niche communities: MySpace, for example, appealed to teenaged music aficionados. 16 By the late 2000s, social media had gained widespread acceptance and some services gained huge numbers of users. For example, in November 2012, Facebook announced it had 1 billion users worldwide, of whom 18 million were in Canada. 17 In July 2012, Twitter had an estimated 517 million users, of whom 10 million were in Canada.18 A number of factors have contributed to this rapid growth in social media participation. These include technological factors such as increased broadband availability, the improvement of software tools, and the development of more powerful computers and mobile devices; social factors such as the rapid uptake of social media by younger age groups; and economic factors such as the increasing affordability of computers and software, and growing commercial interest in social media sites. 19 4 Attributes of Social MediaWith attributes that can affect the way people interact online, social media open up new ways for collaboration and discussion. One of these is persistence, meaning that a great deal of content posted on social media sites may remain there permanently by default. Other characteristics are replicability (content can be copied and shared) and searchability (content can be found easily using online search tools). The characteristic of accessibilit y is also important: social media can be used anywhere, at any time, where an Internet connection is available.These attributes shape the dynamics of social interaction online. For example, the â€Å"invisibility† of the reader raises questions about the context, appropriateness and even comprehensibility of a communication. 20 Moreover, just as it is difficult to know who might be reading content posted on a social media site, the identity and motives of those who post content are not always clear. For example, there have been instances of companies using social media to market products through fake blogs or sponsored postings on social media sites. 21 5 The Impact of Social MediaHow is Canadian society affected by social media? Because the widespread adoption of these modes of communication began only in the early 2000s, their social and economic implications are not yet fully understood. Some believe the Internet is making people more isolated, while others hope it will in crease democratic participation. Research by Statistics Canada suggests â€Å"that we should expect neither a dysfunctional society of loners nor a blissful society of happy networkers. Rather, we are facing a society that is differently cohesive from the one we have known.†22 There do not appear to be any significant differences in the number of social ties or in the amount of social interaction between Internet users and non-users. 23 Instead, the Internet is providing ways of fostering participation with community members and enhancing relationships, including through social media. 24 Social media have also had an economic impact with respect to the ways in which content is created and consumed, and hence on the information and communications technologies sector. 25 Indeed, in Canada, annual growth in this sector averaged 3.8% from 2002 to 2011, double the rate of growth in the overall economy (1. 9%). 26 In addition, many businesses are incorporating social media into the ir marketing strategies.For governments and parliamentarians, social media offer new ways to engage with citizens. To give an example, the Public Health Agency of Canada uses a variety of social media tools to share information about public health issues. 27 As well, an increasing number of parliamentarians are using social media sites. 6 Conclusion For a growing number of Canadians, social media provide a way of keeping in touch with friends, relatives and communities.Social media also allow companies, organizations, governments and parliamentarians to reach large numbers of people. At the same time, social media are changing the ways in which people interact with others, although the full impact of these changes is not yet clear. The implications of sharing personal information are also not fully understood. Other papers in this Library of Parliament series take a closer look at social media with respect to demographics, privacy issues and political applications.