Preparation of Detergents Essay Sample free essay sample

If you look up detergent in a dictionary it is merely defined as cleansing agent. During the last two to three decennaries. nevertheless. the word detergent has tended to connote man-made detergent. or syndet for short. instead than the older soap. In fact. commercial preparations consist of a figure of constituents. and we shall utilize the term surface-active agent. or it’s abbreviation wetting agent. to depict the particular active ingredients that give detergents their unusual belongingss. Man-made detergents dissolve or tend to fade out in H2O or other dissolvers. To enable them to make this. they require distinguishable chemical features. Hydrophilic ( H2O loving ) groupings in their molecular construction. and hydrophobic ( H2O detesting ) groupings. assist the detergent in it’s â€Å"detergency† action. The first soaps were manufactured in ancient times through a assortment of methods. most normally by boiling fats and ashes. Archeologists unearthing site s in antediluvian Babylon have found grounds bespeaking that such soaps were used as far back as 2800 B. We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of Detergents Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page C. In Europe. the usage of soap declined during the Middle Ages. However. by the 15th century. its usage and industry had resumed. and an olive-oil based soap produced in Castile. Spain. was being sold in many parts of the known universe. Castile soap. which is still available today. has retained its repute as a high-quality merchandise. During the colonial period and the 18th century. Americans made their ain soap at place. where most continued to bring forth it until soap industry shifted off from single places to go an industry during the 1930s. The first detergent. or unreal soap. was produced in Germany during World War I. In 1946. the first built detergent appeared. consisting a wetting agent ( a surface-acting agent or soap ) and a builder ( a chemical that enhances the public presentation of the wetting agent every bit good as rendering the laundering procedure more effectual in other ways ) . Pushed along by economic prosperity and the development of comparatively cheap rinsing machines in the aftermath of World War II. detergent gross revenues soared ; by 1953. they had surpassed soap gross revenues in the United States. Categorization OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTSDetergents are classified as either:* Anionic: negatively charged caput* Cationic: positively charged caput* Non-ionic or impersonal: uncharged caput Class| Example| Chemical Properties| Uses|Anionic| CH3 ( CH2 ) 11OSO3-Na+Na dodecyl sulfate| Usually contain eithera sulphate ( SO4 ) head| widely used due to be and public presentation – wash detergents-dishwashing liquids-oven cleaners|| CH3 ( CH2 ) 11C6H4SO3-Na+Na dodecylbenzenesulfonate| or a sulfonate ( SO3 ) head| |Cationic| CH3 ( CH2 ) 11NH3+Cl-dodecylamine hydrochlorideCH3 ( CH2 ) 15N ( CH3 ) 3+Br-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide| Usually contain a modified ammonium ion as active site which produces a bactericidal action. More expensive than anionic detergents. | -cleaning plastics -hair shampoos -nappy washes-fabric softeners and conditioners|Non-ionicor neutral| CH3 ( CH2 ) 14COOCH2C ( CH2OH ) 3pentaerythrityl palmitate| Contains polar parts. eg. OH groups. to supply H2O solubility. No ionic groups so no reaction in difficult H2O.Low floging prevents froth build up in dish washers. | -car shampoos -dishwasher detergents-cosmetics| Anionic DetergentsA category of detergents holding a negatively charged surface-active ion. such as Na alkyl benzine sulfonate Neutral or non-ionic detergents:Non-ionic detergents are used in dish lavation liquids. Since the detergent does non hold any ionic groups. it does non respond with difficult H2Oions. In add-on. nonionized detergents foam less than ionic detergents. The detergent molecules must hold some polar parts to supply the necessary H2O solubility. Cationic Detergents: Another category of detergents have a positive ionic charge and are called â€Å"cationic† detergents. In add-on to being good cleaning agents. they besides possess germicidal belongingss which makes them utile in infirmaries. Most of these detergents are derived functions of ammonium hydroxide. A cationic detergent is most likely to be found in a shampoo or apparels â€Å"rinse† . The intent is to neutralize the inactive electrical charges from residuary non-ionic detergent ( negative ions ) detergent molecules. Since the negative charges repel each other. the positive cationic detergent neutralizes this charge. It may be surprising that it even works because the ammonium ( +1 ) N is buried under the methyl groups as can be seen in the infinite make fulling theoretical account. In the graphic on the left. the polar portion of the molecule consists of three intoxicant groups and an ester group. The non-polar portion is the usual long hydrocarbon concatenation Bile Salts – Intestinal Natural Detergents Bile acids are produced in the liver and secreted in the bowel via the saddle sore vesica. Bile acids are oxidation merchandises of cholesterin. First the cholesterin is converted to the trihydroxy derived function incorporating three intoxicant groups. The terminal of the methane series concatenation at C # 17 is converted into an acid. and eventually the amino acid. glycine is bonded through an amide bond. The acerb group on the glycine is converted to a salt. The gall salt is called sodiumglycoholate. Another salt can be made with a chemical called taurine. The chief map of gall salts is to move as a soap or detergent in the digestive procedures. The major action of a gall salt is to emulsify fats and oils into smaller droplets. The assorted enzymes can so interrupt down the fats and oils. Amphoteric Detergents These contain both acidic and basic groups in their molecule. and can move as cationic or anionic detergents. depending on the pH of the solution. or as both cation and anion. Amphoterics These have the features of both anionic detergents and cationic cloth softeners. They tend to work best at impersonal pH. and are found in shampoo’s. tegument cleaners and rug shampoo. They are really stable in strong acidic conditions and have found favors for usage with hydrofluoric acid. Key Concepts* Man-made detergents can be made from petrochemicals. fats and oils. * Man-made detergent molecules. like soap molecules. by and large consist of a hydrophilic caput and a hydrophobic tail. * The hydrophobic. long hydrocarbon concatenation tail of the detergent molecule is attracted to atoms of oil or lubricating oil by scattering forces ( Van der Waals or London or Weak Intermolecular Forces ) . * The hydrophilic. charged or polar caput of the detergent molecule is attracted to H2O molecules. * Man-made detergents are less sensitive to the effects of Ca and Mg ions in difficult H2O. * A figure of additives are used to heighten the cleansing ability of detergents. * Branched-chain man-made detergents are far less biodegradable than continuous-chain man-made detergents. Natural MaterialsAlthough people normally refer to laundry detergent as â€Å"soap. † it is really a man-made combination that maps much like soap. with certain major betterments. Soap cleans because each soap molecule consists of a hydrocarbon concatenation and a carboxylic group ( fatty acids ) that perform two of import maps. The carboxylate terminal of the soap molecule is hydrophilic. significance that it is attracted to H2O. while the hydrocarbon terminal of the molecule is both hydrophobic ( repelled by H2O ) and attracted to the oil and lubricating oil in soil. While the hydrophobic terminal of a soap molecule attaches itself to dirt. the hydrophilic terminal attaches itself to H2O. The soil attached to the carboxylate terminal of the molecule is chemically dragged off from the apparels being cleaned and into the wash H2O. Properly fomenting and rinsing the apparels furthers the cleaning procedure. The major trouble with utilizing soap to clean wash shows up when it is used in difficult water—water that is rich in natural minerals such as Ca. Mg. Fe. and manganese. When these chemicals react with soap. they form an indissoluble curd called a precipitate. Difficult to rinse out. the precipitate leaves seeable sedimentations on vesture and makes fabric experience stiff. Even H2O that is non particularly hard will finally bring forth precipitates over a period of clip. While the hydrocarbons used in soap by and large come from workss or animate beings. those used in detergent can be derived from rough oil. Adding sulphuric acid to the processed hydrocarbon produces a molecule similar to the fatty acids in soap. The add-on of an base to the mixture creates a surfactant molecule In the liquidizer method of doing pulverization laundry detergent. the ingredients—surfactant. builders. antiredeposition agents. and perfumes—are merely blended together in a sociable. released onto a conveyer belt. and packaged consequently. This method is favored by smaller companies. that will non bond with the minerals in difficult H2O. therefore avoiding the accretion of precipitates. In add-on to a wetting agent. modern detergent contains several other ingredients. Among the most important are builders. chemicals which serve several intents. Most significantly. they increase the efficiency of the wetting agent. They besides sequester minerals in difficult H2O. intending that they hold them in solution. forestalling them from precipitating out. Furthermore. builders can emulsify oil and lubricating oil into bantam globules that can be washed off. Some. like Na silicate. inhibit corrosion and assist assure that the detergent will non damage a washing machine. Still other builders contribute to the chemical balance of the wash H2O. doing certain that it conduces to effectual lavation. Modern detergents have several other ingredients including antiredeposition agents. chemicals that help forestall dirt from settling back on washed apparels. Fluorescent whitening agents are besides common. By change overing unseeable ultraviolet visible radiation into seeable bluish visible radiation. these aid to keep brightness or whiteness. Oxygen bleaches such as Na perborate better the detergence of the mixture. particularly in low-phosphate or no-phosphate merchandises. every bit good as assisting to take some types of discolorations. Processing AIDSs such as Na sulphate are besides used to forestall caking and to standardise merchandise denseness. Enzymes and aromas are besides found in commercial detergents. Enzymes ( a type of protein ) interrupt down some discolorations to do them easier to take and are an indispensable ingredient in assorted pre-soak merchandises used to handle to a great extent dirty apparels prior to washing. Aromas or aromas cover the smell of the soil and any chemical odor from the detergent itself. Suds control agents besides have a function in detergents—too many lathers can do mechanical jobs with a washing machine. The Manufacturing Procedure IntroductionIn the mid-1970’s when the linear TAED for low temperature was introduced the wash temperature could be reduced to significantly without loss of public presentation. therefore cut downing the sum of energy consumed by families. In add-on. there is now a important tendency towards tablets alternatively of pulverization. The beauty of the tablet format is the ability to offer an easy to manage merchandise that contains the exact sum of ingredients to supply optimum consequences. The chief environmental benefit is the significant decrease of chemical disposal into waste H2O intervention while guaranting the best wash consequence. The exact preparation of each tablet is critical and dependent on the public presentation of the eating device for each ingredient in the production line. End Products Since the terminal of the 80’s detergent composings have been rich in proficient developments: for illustration the debut of compact ( higher denseness ) pulverizations with activated bleach. colour foils. the debut of tablets and more late capsules. There is besides a tendency towards the usage of concentrated liquids. Loss-in-weight feeders are mounted in carousel manner. These units meter enzymes. Weigh belt feeders command the flow of detersive ingredients into the procedure. Other belt feeders are used as majority flow metres. Detergent pulverizations. tablets and capsules of different trade names are by and large packed in bags and boxes of different sizes. | Weigh Belt feeders control the flow of detersive ingredients into the procedure. Loss-in-weight feeders are mounted in carousel manner. These units meter enzymes. | Although there are three ways of fabricating dry wash detergent. merely two are normally used today. In the liquidizer procedure favored by smaller companies. the ingredients are mixed in big VATs before being packaged. The machines used are really big: a common liquidizer holds 4. 000 lbs ( 1. 816 kgs ) of assorted stuff. but the liquidizers can suit tonss runing from 500 to 10. 000 lbs ( 227 to 4. 540 kgs ) . By industry criterions. these are little batches for which the liq uidizer procedure is ideal. While some subsiding may happen. the resulting detergent is of high quality and can vie with detergents made by other procedures. The 2nd normally used method of production is called the agglomeration procedure. Unlike the liquidizer procedure. it is uninterrupted. which makes it the pick of really big detergent makers. The agglomeration procedure can bring forth between 15. 000 and 50. 000 lbs ( 6. 800 and 22. 700 kgs ) of detergent per hr. In the 3rd method. dry ingredients are blended in H2O before being dried with hot air. Although the resulting merchandise is of high quality. the fuel costs and technology jobs associated with discharge. reheating. and recycling the air have led to this method being mostly replaced by agglomeration. THE BLENDER PROCESS* First. ingredients are loaded into one of two machines: a toppling liquidizer or a thread liquidizer. The toppling liquidizer. shaped like a rectangular box. is turned and shaken from outside by a machine. while the thread liquidizer is a cylinder fitted with blades to grate and blend the ingredients. After the ingredients inside the liquidizer have been mixed. a room access at the underside of the bowl is opened. With the liquidizer still fomenting the ingredients. the mix is allowed to run out onto a conveyer belt or other imparting device. The belt so moves the detergent to another country of the mill where it can be dropped into boxes or cartons for bringing to jobbers or distributers. THE AGGLOMERATION PROCESS* In this method. dry ingredients for a detergent are first fed into a big machine known as a Shuggi agglomerator ( Shuggi is the maker ) . Inside the agglomerator. crisp. twirling blades mix the stuff to a all right consistence ; the procedure resembles nutrient being textured inside a nutrient processor. * After the dry ingredients have been blended. liquid ingredients are sprayed on the dry mix through noses fitted into the agglomerator’s walls. The blending continues. doing an exothermal ( heat-producing ) reaction to happen. The resulting mixture is a hot. syrupy liquid similar to gelatin that hasn’t hardened. * Next. the liquid is allowed to flux out of the agglomerator. As it leaves the machine. it collects on a drying belt where its ain heat. exposure to air. and hot air blowers render it friable—easy to oppress or crumple. The freshly made detergent is so pulverized and pushed through sizing screens that guarantee that no big bal ls of plain merchandise travel out to the market. The consequence of this procedure is a dry detergent made up of granules of the assorted detergent. THE SLURRY METHOD * In this procedure. ingredients are dissolved in H2O to make a slurry. With a pump. the slurry is blown through noses inside the top of a cone shaped container as hot. dry air is at the same time forced into the underside of the cone. As the slurry prohibitionists. â€Å"beads† of dry detergent autumn to the underside of the cone. where they can be collected for packaging. LIQUID DETERGENT * If the detergent is to be liquid instead than pulverization. it is merely assorted back in—after all ingredients are blended—with a solution consisting of H2O and assorted chemicals known as solubilizers. The solubilizers help the H2O and detergent blend together more to the full and equally. Quality Control Manufacturers invariably monitor the quality of their detergents. and they utilize the same proving methods to measure the effectivity of new merchandises. In one method. visible radiation is shined onto a piece of cloth that has been soiled and so washed in the trial detergent. The To do liquid detergent. the dry pulverization is merely assorted back in with a solution consisting of H2O and chemicals known as â€Å"solubilizers. † These chemicals help the H2O and detergent blend together more equally. sum of visible radiation reflected. compared to the sum reflected by a sample of the original cloth. is a step of cleanliness. A contemplation rate of 98 per centum is considered rather good and indicates that the detergent has cleaned decently. Another method involves laboratory combustion of a little sum of stuff that has been soiled and so laundered. The weight of the ashes. plus the weight of the gaseous consequences of the combustion. uncover how much of the soil remained in the cloth after washing. A consequence that is much higher than a clean trial sample indicates that a important sum of soil was retained in the laundered sample. Naturally. the end is to come as near to the weight of a clean control sample as possible. Production Procedure for Laundry Detergent Powder ProcessLaundry detergent production is typically a uninterrupted procedure. There are a big figure of ingredients which must be continuously. at the same time and accurately fed into a sociable or onto a conveyer belt. which in bend supplies the uninterrupted sociable. Feeding of Base Powder and Additives The base pulverization is produced from assorted solid and liquid ingredients. The existent mass flow rate of base pulverization being produced is metered by a Smart Weigh Belt. mounted at the discharge of either a spray tower or fluidized bed. Next. other loss-in-weight dry feeders add extra minor pulverization ingredients onto the conveyer belt with the base pulverization. The combined ingredients so enter a uninterrupted sociable. where liquid additives such as aromas are dosed in exact proportion utilizing liquid loss-in-weight feeders or liquid PID control. After blending. the detergent pulverization passes through a concluding sieving and metering phase. In the concluding measure. a Smart Weigh Belt transfers the finished merchandise into the wadding operation. There it flows straight to a wadding machine. tablet imperativeness or into FIBC’s for intermediate storage or majority conveyance. Typical Production Process for Laundry Detergent Powder Typical IngredientsThe pulverization feeder must manage a broad scope of ingredients such as:* Sodium carbonate* Sodium hydrogen carbonate* Sodium perborate* Sodium sulfate* Tetrahydrate* Sodium tripolyphosphate* Sodium silicates* Sodium percarbonate* Anionic detergents * Encapsulated enzymes* Colored beads* Anti-foaming pulverization* Polymers that release discolorations* Polymers that prevent new discolorations* Sodium silicates The liquid feeders supply:* Anionic detergents* Non-ionic* AromasSmart Weigh Belt Feeder for Base Powder ProductionThe K-Tron Smart Weigh Belt ( SWB ) feeder is the perfect solution for a compact gravimetric feeder which can manage big volumes of bulk stuff with different flow features. The SWB feeders offers uninterrupted online taring by utilizing two weigh faculties and are available in both 300 and 600 millimeter belt breadths. Automatic and uninterrupted online tarring of the weigh belt reduces dearly-won care. line closures and arduous manual standardization while at the same clip well bettering long term truth and stableness. The conveyer is removable from the chromium steel steel lodging via a telescopic support construction. This facilitates thorough cleansing of the feeder. Application A ; Technology* The application of the man-made detergents by and large produced a pronounced suppression of the lowering of the pH in plaques. but in no instance was the suppression complete. In comparable experiments Zephiran and Phemerol gave a greater grade of suppression than Damol and Tergitol-7. As a regulation. it was found that the eflect of the man-made detergents on the pH after 10 per cent glucose was much greater in the instances where the plaques were comparatively thin than when the plaques were comparatively thick. * Application of the man-made detergents in a solution incorporating an subsidiary substance. such as an alkaline buffer. did non significantly change the inhibitory consequence produced by the detergent. although some of the subsidiary agents did raise the pH degrees of both the control and trial pH curves. * The latest cleansing engineerings include enzyme-containing detersive preparations and zeolite-based detergents. Of these. the enzyme de tergents are turn outing highly utile in maintaining a cheque on environmental pollution. They offer a suited option to the man-made detergents with respect to their biodegradability. low toxicity. non-corrosiveness. environment-friendliness. enhanced cleaning belongingss every bit good as increased efficiency and stableness in different preparations.

Free Essays on Letting America Be

Letting America Be In the beginning of the poem, â€Å"Let America Be America Again,† Hughes writes about America as if it were once a country which people were able to â€Å"dream,† and be â€Å"free,† or never did â€Å"scheme.† However, our country was basically a place to take refuge from religious oppression and to make a lot of money for the country who supported us financially. Letting American be what she intended to be, is the spirit Hughes is trying to convey. We need to revive â€Å"the dream that’s almost dead.† Without the dream we once had, our country would not be what she is today. The spark of hope that things will get better always kept the â€Å"blue-collared† crew of America going. The â€Å"sweat and blood† and â€Å"faith and pain† held our country by the threads. Through the rain and snow, our country was built from the bottom up, by the workers of America. The workers of America, who never had the â€Å"American dream† come to a reality knows freedom is a whimsy thought which one day might come true. Our scheming country was hungry to find gold in the soil, to find riches in the soil through all means. â€Å"Tangled in that ancient endless chain† our country scurries around grabbing land and gold attempting to satisfy the need. To further increase our economy, minorities were shipped in to be bought and sold as slaves, or indentured servants. The price to come to America created indentured servants, working until they no longer owed any money. The many who came across â€Å"to build a ‘homeland of the free,’† and those who â€Å"sailed those early seas† came to America, searching for their means of a home. Where does the word free fit into a place such as that? I am sure people dreamed America to â€Å"be the dream the dreamers dreamed,† yet such disgraceful events took place. America boasts proudly of her freedom and equality, yet she never had it. Equality was only in the air of white ... Free Essays on Letting America Be Free Essays on Letting America Be Letting America Be In the beginning of the poem, â€Å"Let America Be America Again,† Hughes writes about America as if it were once a country which people were able to â€Å"dream,† and be â€Å"free,† or never did â€Å"scheme.† However, our country was basically a place to take refuge from religious oppression and to make a lot of money for the country who supported us financially. Letting American be what she intended to be, is the spirit Hughes is trying to convey. We need to revive â€Å"the dream that’s almost dead.† Without the dream we once had, our country would not be what she is today. The spark of hope that things will get better always kept the â€Å"blue-collared† crew of America going. The â€Å"sweat and blood† and â€Å"faith and pain† held our country by the threads. Through the rain and snow, our country was built from the bottom up, by the workers of America. The workers of America, who never had the â€Å"American dream† come to a reality knows freedom is a whimsy thought which one day might come true. Our scheming country was hungry to find gold in the soil, to find riches in the soil through all means. â€Å"Tangled in that ancient endless chain† our country scurries around grabbing land and gold attempting to satisfy the need. To further increase our economy, minorities were shipped in to be bought and sold as slaves, or indentured servants. The price to come to America created indentured servants, working until they no longer owed any money. The many who came across â€Å"to build a ‘homeland of the free,’† and those who â€Å"sailed those early seas† came to America, searching for their means of a home. Where does the word free fit into a place such as that? I am sure people dreamed America to â€Å"be the dream the dreamers dreamed,† yet such disgraceful events took place. America boasts proudly of her freedom and equality, yet she never had it. Equality was only in the air of white ...

Analytic Report - Outsourcing Essay Example for Free

Analytic Report – Outsourcing Essay Offshore outsourcing, the sending of jobs to lower wage countries, has become a very popular practice amongst U. S. companies seeking ways to cut back on their operating costs. The idea of outsourcing has made for a highly emotional situation because of two dramatically different effects: it leads to layoffs and dislocations for workers. Well-educated workers in other countries are willing to work for a fraction of the wages paid to Americans, resulting in massive savings for American companies. The U. S. mports goods that would cost higher to produce domestically, and it creates and sells to other countries goods that would cost more for them to create on their own. The immediate problem resulting from outsourcing jobs is workers in the U. S. can become unemployed. The problem that causes a debate over outsourcing is even though it promises a better life for all involved; it causes hardships on the American workers when they are laid off. Economists argue that outsourcing is a bad choice because of the workers that are being laid off and displaced. In analyzing the Case Study IV-3 – IT Infrastructure Outsourcing at Schaeffer (A): The Outsourcing Decision, both sides of the outsourcing debate are well represented. Once the Schaeffer board assigned the highly ambitious growth goals to Reitzel, the Vice President of Human Resources made the recommendation that they outsource some of its IT processes and resources. During the initial evaluation of the possibility of outsourcing, Schaeffer determined what the benefits would be of having a vendor manage their IT. They determined that they would be able to focus on core activities during growth periods, which would help them to meet the goals set forth by the board. Outsourcing IT will allow them to remain focused on those business activities that are important without sacrificing quality or service to their customers. Next, they would be able to achieve reduced overhead costs and better operational control. An outsourcing company could bring better management skills to a company than what would otherwise be unavailable to them. Another added benefit would be staffing flexibility. Outsourcing will allow operations that have seasonal or cyclical demands to bring in additional resources when needed and release them when they are finished. Outsourcing these functions can provide the additional resources for a fixed period of time at a consistent cost. Continuity and risk management would also be greatly improved because when you have periods of high employee turnover which add uncertainty and inconsistency to the operations, outsourcing would provide a level of continuity while reducing the risk that a substandard level of operation would impact the company and its customers. They also determined that outsourcing could help diversify and develop the staff by bringing in people with skills that are needed within the company and by providing training opportunities that had not previously been available for current staff. Once the idea of outsourcing was presented, a task force was created to analyze their current processes and map them in as great a detail as possible. This would help them to determine exactly what their outsourcing needs were going to be. They brought on an outside consultant who provided them with advice on how to proceed as well as detailed templates to assist them in gathering the necessary information to help them create the Request for Proposal (RFP). They determined that they wanted to outsource the data center, distributed computing (all desktops), voice (telephones), data networks, and the helpdesk. It was also determined that they did not want to outsource their development resources. The task force spent a year gathering data and filling out the templates so that they had a complete picture of their current services to better understand their outsourcing needs. They then spent several months preparing a 200-page RFP that could be provided to possible outsourcing vendors. After receiving two strong proposal responses, it was determined that ABC Corporation would be the best fit for Schaeffer’s outsourcing needs. There was a lot of negotiation to be able to bring the price within the needs of the company, but after several weeks of back and forth an agreement was reached. The next step was to get Schaeffer’s top management’s buy-in to the task force’s recommended solution. However, once the task force report was circulated internally, there were a lot of perceived disadvantages raised by its managers. One of the first concerns that was brought up with the consistency and priority of service that Schaeffer would receive. Most outsourced IT contracts are for a relatively long time-period. This is because of the high cost of transferring assets and employees as well as maintaining technological investment. The long time-period of the contract can cause three particular problems. One, difficulties in getting out of a contract if the supplier turns out to be unsuitable; two, problems in foreseeing what the business will need over the life of the contract hence creating difficulties in negotiating new services; and three, almost insurmountable problems in re-creating an internal IT department after the contract period is over or the relationship is terminated. Another major concern that was discussed was the impact to employee morale with the inevitable reduction in Schaeffer IT personnel, where some would be absorbed by the vendor but most would be given a severance package and laid off. And the employees who remain may distrust management after outsourcing because they will become fearful that their position could be targeted next. Administration should treat morale problems seriously and will need to work with staff to rebuild their trust and loyalty. The company is a major employer in the area so the decision to outsource could also have a ripple effect in the community by damaging their reputation. The vice president for finance of the Colbert division brought up the concern that the major benefits of outsourcing would only be beneficial to the Reitzel division whereas the other two divisions would incur additional costs without additional benefits. This concern led to a third alternative being suggested; outsource the IT infrastructure just for the Reitzel division. Based on the information included in the case study for all three alternatives, outsourcing should be the chosen solution. It is the most flexible solution for their growth goals. Outsourcing would allow for them to expand in areas more quickly without all of the time and costs associated with startups. The vendor already has the infrastructure to support the areas that they most want to expand into, allowing for quicker turnaround times in meeting customer needs and wants, especially for new business growth. If they kept the IT in-house, they would need to make a substantial investment of both time and money in expanding their services and support that would be needed for new business and it would need to be done very quickly to be able to meet the goals set by the Board of Directors. If they tried to adopt the third alternative, of only outsourcing the IT for the Reitzel division, it would negate all of the time and cost savings of the consolidation of the divisional IT groups into a shared services solution. It would then cause duplication of work and processes between the in-house IT team and the outsourced group, which would be impactful to the overall costs for all divisions. Each solution had its own pro’s and con’s, and needed to be evaluated against the best interest in achieving Schaeffer’s overall goals in the marketplace. Like it or not, change is an integral part of today’s business climate. In the workplace, changes can occur as a result of new thinking, advances in technology, innovation and progress, knowledge and communication, as well as mergers, takeovers, layoffs, and downsizing. A lot of the concerns and disadvantages were voiced after the task force’s recommendation had been developed, presented, and circulated within the company. Communication is key! This could have been avoided by having better communication throughout the life cycle of the whole process, from the information gathering, to the development of the RFP, and the presenting of the final recommendations. A lot of people probably felt blindsided by the proposed solution to outsource the IT infrastructure because they have been conditioned to fear change. We must not lose sight of the fact that change is normal, and most of us will experience unpredictable changes throughout our professional lives. However, there is no doubt that everyone views change from a different perspective than everyone else. Many employees believe that management doesn’t understand their side of the story, and managers often feel it is the employees who don’t understand why the change is necessary. This is why communication is so vital during any change circumstance. It’s been said that lack of communication is the number one reason why relationships deteriorate between employers and employees. Change will require open communication on both sides. None of us want to acknowledge that we doubt our ability to integrate new ideas, use new technology, or adapt to new organizations. We don’t even want to think about what’s ahead when outsourcing a whole department: new management structure, new processes and procedures, new terminology, new titles and job descriptions, not to mention the loss of longtime co-workers, friends, and family. The more we fight and resist the change, the more painful and frightening the changes will be. Resisting doesn’t keep a new idea from taking hold; it simply makes the process longer and more painful. Change will happen no matter what. We will handle it better when we learn to move with the change – not against it. It’s natural to fear the unknown and lack of control when it comes to embracing a new concept such as outsourcing that goes completely against the traditional workplace structure. There will be a lot of struggle during the transition period. We know we will have to work a lot harder. Are we willing to let go of the present to embrace the future? We may not know what the future will bring, but we are responsible for what we bring to the future. Analytic Report – Outsourcing. (2016, Dec 10).

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Paper - Essay Example Panem is the nation that Hunger Games took place which is in North America. This nation has 12 districts with Capitol being one of the districts that are wealthiest district. All the other 12 districts are poor but District 12 is located in a region where coal is available in plenty, the region was known as Appalachia. In each and every district on annual basis a boy and a girl who are in the age of 12 to 18 are taken where they compete in battle of death where one individual should only remain after the battle. The selection of the participant is done by a lottery method. In the theme of inequality between rich and poor in Panem wealth is concentrated on the hands of few individuals who live in Capitol and other certain districts. This is due to the difference between individuals who are rich and those who are poor. This difference is revealed in the novel but the most notable difference is on food. In those districts which the poor are numerous, many of the individuals do not have anything to eat and they starve while others have plenty in the Panem. Katniss lives in the district 12 and thus as a resident she notes starvation is a common to all the residents of district 12. This means that she has to take all the measures possible so that she can get something for the family using illegally ways. She even goes to an extent of going beyond the borders of the district 12 so that she can get food for her family. Most of the residents in district 12 do not know to hunt and thus they see as if katniss family has a lot while it was just something small. A fter the hunt Katniss family concludes that if one has something to eat others are luxuries. Katniss, while looking for food learns that peeta’s family has a lot since they have a bakery and thus they are considered as the rich in the district. Katniss is not able to buy the food and thus depends on the leftovers. When she is in Capitol, she finds that everybody who is there is enjoying lavish feast and other

Concert report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Concert report - Assignment Example Truly speaking, I was not aware that we were not required to take notes. I was really surprised to learn that some of my colleagues were aware of the fact that they were not required to take notes. Still, I must say that the provision of not taking the notes really heightened my capacity to appreciate and enjoy the concert. Since I did not take notes, I was in a better position to get lost in the compositions being played and to enjoy the music played with all of my senses focused on it. Had I been busy taking notes, I would have approached the concert with a mainly theoretical perspective and my responses to the music would have been measured, planned and I must say a little bit plastic. The conversation I had with my colleagues before the concert tilted more towards the technicalities of music. However, once we started listening to the concert, many of my colleagues did acknowledge that it was an amazing experience. Some of my colleagues were really moved by the pieces being played . At a personal level I could qualify my overall experience to be moving, stimulating and encouraging. I was really lucky to get exposure to such a high quality musical experience. It not only enhanced my capacity to appreciate music, but also further stimulated me to learn more about Western music and to attend more such concerts in the future. It was an experience that touched my soul and calmed my senses and mind. Though all the pieces played in the concert were great and marvelous, yet, the piece that really grabbed my attention and emotions was Old Hungarian Dances. This is because this piece had a unique appeal to it. If on the one side the actual rendering of this piece was really sophisticated and professional, on the other side it had a rustic tilt to it that gave way to a sense of joy and elation in me. I must say that I would like to

Insider Dealing in Hong Kong Essay Example for Free

Insider Dealing in Hong Kong Essay Although insider dealing has been a criminal offence under section 291 of Chapter 571, Securities and Futures Ordinance (SFO) in Hong Kong since 2003, the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) was initially slow to prosecute offenders, commencing its first criminal insider dealing prosecution only in January 2008. Factors to be considered to commence criminal proceedings In deciding whether to commence criminal proceedings against an alleged insider dealer, the SFC will have regard to the guidelines in the prosecution policy of the Department of Justice, which require two basic factors to be considered: 1. Sufficiency of evidence The burden of proof is greater in criminal proceedings and the SFC will generally only recommend criminal proceedings where there is admissible, substantial and reliable evidence that an offence has been committed and there is a reasonable prospect of a conviction. Where there is a lack of sufficient evidence to meet the criminal burden of proof, the SFC is likely to initiate civil proceedings. 2. Public interest Whether, taking into account the circumstances of a particular case, it is in the public interest to bring a prosecution before the courts. First Criminal Case of Insider Dealing in Hong Kong In the case of HKSAR v Ma Hon-yeung (DCCC 229-240/2008) which involved Ma Hon-yeung, former Vice President of BNP Paribas Peregrine Capital Ltd, now known as BNP Paribas Capital (Asia Pacific) Ltd (BNP Paribas), an investment bank. The case is related to trading in the shares of Egana Jewellery Pearls Ltd (Egana), a listed company in Hong Kong prior to an announcement made to the market on 11 Jul 2006 aboutprivatization of the company. Ma Hon-yeung learned of a proposed privatization of Egana and tipped off his girlfriend, Ivy Lo Yuk-wah and three other family members, Sammy Ma Hon-kit, Cordelia Tso Kin-wah and Ronald Ma Chun-ho, within days of becoming privy to the proposed deal. All of them bought shares in Egana before the company announced a privatization plan and made a profit as a result. Between 1 June 2006 and 6 July 2006, trading in Egana’s shares ranged between HK$1.35 and HK$1.61 with average daily turnover of 636,630 shares. Trading in the shares of Egana and EganaGoldpfeil were suspended on 7 July 2006 pending an announcement. On 11 July 2006, Egana and EganaGoldpfeil made a joint announcement about a proposed privatization of Egana. The proposal offered shareholders a choice of receiving HK$1.80 per share or one share of EganaGoldpfeil for every 1.5 Egana shares or a combination of both. Following the announcement on 11 July 2006 the share price closed at HK$1.84 with substantially increased turnover of 25 million shares. The privatization proposal was approved by shareholders and by the court and became effective on 23 October 2006. Egana was delisted on the following day. Ma acted as a financial consultant for Egana during the privatization move, which he knew was confidential, price sensitive information. Ma had counselled or procured Ivy and Sammy to trade in Egana shares. He was convicted of insider dealing contrary to section 291(1)(b). Ivy, bought 1.51 million shares in Egana between June 20 and July 6, 2006. She was convicted of insider dealing contrary to section 291(5)(a). Ma transferred a total HK$1.7 million into Ivys account before the privatization announcement. She later sold the shares and transferred the money back to Ma’s account. Sammy , Cordelia and Ronald bought Egana shares separately from July 6. Sammy, Ronald and Cordelia traded in Egana shares having information through Mas connection to Egana about the proposed privatisation. Owing to their close family relationship between Ma andhis three family members, who received and made profit by utilizing such information, all of them were convicted of insider dealing contrary to section 291(5)(a) and (8) of SFO. Ma and Ivy were given custodial sentences of 26 months and 12months respectively. Ma’s three family members were ordered to serve 200 hours of community service. Fines were also imposed in amounts equivalent to the profits they had made while dealing in Egana shares ahead of the privatization which are HK$230,000, HK$210,000, HK$330,000, HK$110,000 and HK$17,000 respectively. The Court also ordered them to pay the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) investigation costs totaling HK$322,742. This is the first time any person has been sentenced to jail for insider dealing in Hong Kong. The family members avoided custodial sentences because they were merely opportunistic investors making use of the relevant information divulged by the vice-president. There was no evidence that they assisted him in carrying out his plot for personal gain by using insider information. The conduct of the girlfriend, on the other hand, warranted a custodial sentence as she was the person executing the plot on behalf of the vice-president. She was fully aware of his position of trust in the financial institution and had used her trading account to perpetrate the plot. As such, the court viewed her involvement in the misconduct as being much more serious than that of an opportunistic investor; community service could not adequately reflect her culpability. However, we continue to see obvious and flagrant breaches of the insider dealing laws, such as insiders and/or their families’ members will exploited the confidential information they obtained to make a gain on disposal of shares. One of the reasons may be that the punishment for insider dealing in Hong Kong is mild for the offenders.

Breastfeeding: Numerous Benefits for Mom and Baby Essay -- Expository

Breastfeeding: Numerous Benefits for Mom and Baby Abstract If parents care so much about their child when she grows up, it should begin from the moment of conception. The benefits of breastfeeding aren't always in the first year; many of the benefits last a lifetime. However, many parents don't know how good breast milk is for a child. Nowadays, mothers blame their busy schedules and use it as an excuse to formula feed their baby. Breastfeeding does not only benefit the baby, but also the mother. The benefits of breastfeeding are so abundant, mothers shouldn't ever consider feeding their baby formula. Breastfeeding: Nipple, Breast & all the Rest Today, breasts have gained the image of a sex symbol. Society forgets the main purpose women were blessed with breasts. Breasts were initially created for feeding and nurturing offspring, commonly known as breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is more than a baby simply sucking on a woman's breast. It is the natural way of feeding offspring that women have been doing for centuries. Breastfeeding is a beautiful way of nurturing a baby, and it automatically creates a special bond between a mother and her baby. The benefits of breastfeeding out number all, if there are any benefits of formula feeding. History of Breastfeeding In 1700-1600 BC, breastfeeding was the only option. If human offspring was not breastfed, just like other mammals, it would not survive. There was no question as to, "Was the baby breastfed?" but, "Was the baby breastfed by its own mother, a relative, friend, or wet nurse?" A wet nurse was usually hired and employed to supply milk to babies born to the wealthy. A widespread of wet-nursing for the royalty and others who were born high in rank began during ... ..., January/February). Assisting new mothers with infant feeding when breastfeeding is not an option. Pediatric Nursing, 27, 47-49. Greene MD, Alan. (1996, June). Benefits to breastfeeding. Retrieved March 11, 2003 from http://www.drgreene.com/21_552.html Kelly. (February 1998). Should breastfeeding continue when mom is sick? Retrieved March 25, 2003 from http://www.kellymom.com/meds/mom-illness.html Michels, Dia L. (1998). Mother nature loves breastmilk [sic]. Retrieved March 9, 2003 from http://www.breastfeeding.com/reading_room/mother_nature.html Ratner MD, Adam. (2002, May). Common breastfeeding problems. Retrieved March 24, 2003 from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002452.htm Stuart-Macadam, Patricia & Dettwyler, Kathrine A. (Eds). (2002). Breastfeeding history. Retrieved March 23, 2003 from http://www.seldomfar.com/nurturing/bfhistory.htm

A study of reading habits Essay

The theme of journeys is present in Philip Larkin’s poem, A Study of Reading Habits. However, it is not a physical journey that we see, but a metaphorical journey about the speaker’s life progression through his changing escapisms created by books. The title is a mock, serious title for it sounds like a piece of academic research Larkin uses first person persona to give expression to things he would prefer not to have attributed to himself. The structure of the poem divided into three stanzas; school years, adolescent years and the present. The tone is sarcastic and colloquial, that along with the shorter lines, creates a less serious poem from Larkin. In the first part of his journey, the persona is imaginative and loves to read, so much so that is it ‘ruining [his] eyes’. He imagines a fantasy world where he could be cool and ‘deal out the right hook to his bullies’. The alliteration of ‘dirty dogs’ is symbolism of the persona’s bullies, which portrays them as the villains. It is the stories, which makes him believe he is invincible, like that of the heroes he reads about. The stories provide an escapism to which he can be brave, hero, and not the bullied kid to which he is in reality. There is a smooth, harmonious quality in the beginning stanza due to Euphony. This underscored how easygoing and fantasy-like childhood can be. The second part of his journey represents his adolescent years. We now see him with ‘inch thick specs’, which is ironic to him previously stating his compassion for reading was ‘ruining [his] eyes’. We see the persona become more gothic and dark, with his new love of Horror Fiction. ‘Cloaks and fangs’ sounds dangerous and eerie, which is his new escapism. Some critics suggest that ‘ripping’ could be vampire vocabulary but it also can refer to being posh. Through his journey through stanza two, we see him move on to more lustrous novels, where his escapism is him being a womanizer. Larkin use borrowed language of ‘clubbed with sex’ and ‘broke them up like meringues’ to create the poet’s whimsical world. The similie refers to his lust for sexual encounters with women. The phrases are quite cheesy and some suggest it is bad writing on Larkin’s behalf, but some argue it is Larkin trying to sound like a bad guy. Larkin is trying too hard to sound like Raymond Chandler’s character, Marlowe, but it just doesn’t work. In the final part of the persona’s journey, which leads him up to the present tense, we see a completely conflicting view of reading. In the final stanza the speaker comes to terms with reality; he can no longer hide behind books. He realizes that his world is less fulfilling than the fantasies portrayed in books, and says ‘don’t read much now’. He feels betrayed by books and his tone becomes bitter. The ‘yellow’ figure evokes the sense of weakness and represents cowardly characteristics. This metaphor produces the effect of a cowardly character, which evidently relates to the persona. This means he can no longer fantasice for the characters he looked up to are weak. With no more escapism, the persona no longer wants to read. In the penultimate line of the poem Lark says ‘Get stewed’, which is said in a light hearted jokey way. Some suggest it refers to getting drunk, which may be his alternative escapism, but some argue it means get lost, referring to the disappointment. On the contrary, the final line represents the persona’s new feelings towards books. He believes they are a worthless â€Å"load of crap†. The theme of the poem is that escapism and ignoring reality only makes life less fulfilling, which is illustrated through the theme of a journey.

Effect Of Social Media To The Students

Just as the Internet has changed the way Canadians buy music, organize vacations, and research school projects, it has also affected how they interact socially. Through the use of social media, people can exchange photos and videos, share news stories, post their thoughts on blogs, and participate in online discussions. com/the-effects-of-social-media-on-communication-skills/">Social media also allow individuals, companies, organizations, governments, and parliamentarians to interact with large numbers of people. In conjunction with the increase in online activity, there are concerns about the ways in which the personal information that is shared by social media users may be collected and analyzed.This paper gives a brief overview of the evolution and development of social media, looks at how their attributes affect the way people interact online, and considers their potential social and economic impact. 2 What are Social Media? The term â€Å"social media† refers to the wide range of Internet-based and mobile services that allow users to participate in online exchanges, contribute user-created content, or join online communities.The kinds of Internet services commonly associated with social media (sometimes referred to as â€Å"Web 2.0†) include the following:1 Blogs. Short for â€Å"web log,† a blog is an online journal in which pages are usually displayed in reverse chronological order. 2 Blogs can be hosted for free on websites such as WordPress, Tumblr and Blogger. 3 Wikis. A wiki is â€Å"a collective website where any participant is allowed to modify any page or create a new page using her Web browser. †4 One well-known example is Wikipedia,5 a free online encyclopedia that makes use of wiki technology Social bookmarking.Social bookmarking sites allow users to organize and share links to websites. Examples include reddit, StumbleUpon and Digg. 6 Social network sites. These have been defined as â€Å"web-based services that al low individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. †7Among the most popular in Canada are Facebook and LinkedIn.8 Status-update services.Also known as microblogging services, status-update services such as Twitter9 allow people to share short updates about people or events and to see updates created by others. 10 Virtual world content. These sites offer game-like virtual environments in which users interact. One example is the imaginary world constructed in Second Life,11 in which users create avatars (a virtual representation of the user) that interact with others. 12 Media-sharing sites. These sites allow users to post videos or photographs.Popular examples include YouTube, Pinterest and Instagram. 13 These categories overlap to some degree. Twitter, for example, is a soc ial network site as well as a status-update service. Likewise, users of the social network site Facebook can share photographs, and users of the media-sharing site Pinterest can follow other people. 3 The Evolution of Social Media In the late 1990s, as broadband14 Internet became more popular, websites that allowed users to create and upload content began to appear. 15 The first social network site (SixDegrees. com) appeared in 1997.From 2002 onward, a large number of social network sites were launched. Some – such as Friendster – enjoyed a surge of popularity, only to fade. Others developed niche communities: MySpace, for example, appealed to teenaged music aficionados. 16 By the late 2000s, social media had gained widespread acceptance and some services gained huge numbers of users. For example, in November 2012, Facebook announced it had 1 billion users worldwide, of whom 18 million were in Canada. 17 In July 2012, Twitter had an estimated 517 million users, of whom 10 million were in Canada.18 A number of factors have contributed to this rapid growth in social media participation. These include technological factors such as increased broadband availability, the improvement of software tools, and the development of more powerful computers and mobile devices; social factors such as the rapid uptake of social media by younger age groups; and economic factors such as the increasing affordability of computers and software, and growing commercial interest in social media sites. 19 4 Attributes of Social MediaWith attributes that can affect the way people interact online, social media open up new ways for collaboration and discussion. One of these is persistence, meaning that a great deal of content posted on social media sites may remain there permanently by default. Other characteristics are replicability (content can be copied and shared) and searchability (content can be found easily using online search tools). The characteristic of accessibilit y is also important: social media can be used anywhere, at any time, where an Internet connection is available.These attributes shape the dynamics of social interaction online. For example, the â€Å"invisibility† of the reader raises questions about the context, appropriateness and even comprehensibility of a communication. 20 Moreover, just as it is difficult to know who might be reading content posted on a social media site, the identity and motives of those who post content are not always clear. For example, there have been instances of companies using social media to market products through fake blogs or sponsored postings on social media sites. 21 5 The Impact of Social MediaHow is Canadian society affected by social media? Because the widespread adoption of these modes of communication began only in the early 2000s, their social and economic implications are not yet fully understood. Some believe the Internet is making people more isolated, while others hope it will in crease democratic participation. Research by Statistics Canada suggests â€Å"that we should expect neither a dysfunctional society of loners nor a blissful society of happy networkers. Rather, we are facing a society that is differently cohesive from the one we have known.†22 There do not appear to be any significant differences in the number of social ties or in the amount of social interaction between Internet users and non-users. 23 Instead, the Internet is providing ways of fostering participation with community members and enhancing relationships, including through social media. 24 Social media have also had an economic impact with respect to the ways in which content is created and consumed, and hence on the information and communications technologies sector. 25 Indeed, in Canada, annual growth in this sector averaged 3.8% from 2002 to 2011, double the rate of growth in the overall economy (1. 9%). 26 In addition, many businesses are incorporating social media into the ir marketing strategies.For governments and parliamentarians, social media offer new ways to engage with citizens. To give an example, the Public Health Agency of Canada uses a variety of social media tools to share information about public health issues. 27 As well, an increasing number of parliamentarians are using social media sites. 6 Conclusion For a growing number of Canadians, social media provide a way of keeping in touch with friends, relatives and communities.Social media also allow companies, organizations, governments and parliamentarians to reach large numbers of people. At the same time, social media are changing the ways in which people interact with others, although the full impact of these changes is not yet clear. The implications of sharing personal information are also not fully understood. Other papers in this Library of Parliament series take a closer look at social media with respect to demographics, privacy issues and political applications.

Early Jail Conditions †Criminal Justice Essay

Early Jail Conditions – Criminal Justice Essay Free Online Research Papers Until the 19th century, children were punished and confined in the same ways as adults. Early jails housed adult men and women, juveniles, sane and insane all together. In the early 1800’s reformers became concerned about the overcrowded conditions in the jails and the corruption youth experienced when confined with adult felons. The first House of Refuge opened in New York on January 1, 1825, as a facility exclusively for children. (Roffe) By the 1840’s, 53 more were built around the country. Houses of Refuge were not limited to children who had committed crimes. They were also homes for poor children, orphans, or any child thought to be incorrigible or wayward. The average number of children in any given house was 200, but some, like the New York House of Refuge, housed over 1,000 youths at any given time. In response to overcrowding, deplorable conditions, and reports of brutality in the Houses of Refuge, training schools were developed in the mid-nineteenth century. Massachusetts opened the first state-operated training school for boys in 1847 and for girls in 1856. (Roffe) Training Schools placed a larger emphasis on schooling and vocational training. Many of the new facilities were built outside cities. According to contemporary thinking, the city was the source of temptation and a rural setting would offer a more virtuous and simpler way of life. Training schools are still the models of juvenile incarceration today. While the 20th century brought some changes, like the evolution of individualized diagnosis and treatment, new kinds of rehabilitative therapy, and improved educational programming, the congregate model of concentrating large number of juvenile offenders in one institution has remained. Until the late 19th century, children were tried in criminal courts along with adults. Movement for juvenile justice reform was informed by the 16th century educational reform movement in England that perceived children to be different than miniature adults, with less than fully developed moral and cognitive capacities. As early as 1825, the Society for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency and other reform organizations were advocating for a separate court system for youth. (Frontline) In 1899, the first juvenile court was finally established in Cook County, Illinois, and by 1925, all but two states had followed suit. (Frontline, Roffe) Again, borrowing from the British thinking, the doctrine Parens Patriae (the State as Parent) was the underpinning of the newly established right for the state to intervene and to provide protection for children whose parents did not provide adequate care or supervision, such as in the case of juvenile delinquency. The primary motive of the juvenile court was to provide rehabilitation and benevolent supervision for the child. There were significant differences in the juvenile and criminal court systems. The focus of the juvenile court was on the offender, not on the offense or rehabilitation. All crimes by individuals under the age of eighteen were adjudicated in a juvenile court, with rare exceptions (decided upon a case by case basis) when a waiver could transfer a youth to adult court. The juvenile court, with its rehabilitative mission, could be much more flexible and informal than the criminal court. Due process protections, an attorney for the state and the youth were deemed unnecessary. A range of dispositional options that were related to the child’s situation, and not only to the crime, was available to a judge. One of the big problems in juvenile justice is how long it takes to get an arrested juvenile tried and adjudicated as a delinquent. Only after they have been adjudicated, can they technically be placed in â€Å"rehabilitation† programs. Obviously this kind of delay exacerbates the problem of delivering psychological services in a timely fashion. Juveniles who are still in detention status can only receive substance abuse treatment, sex education, remedial education, and crisis intervention services. (Roberts) Some of the programs that are currently being used are Probation, Scared Straight Programs, Community Treatment, and Institutionalization. Probation is the most frequently employed sentencing option. Each year approximately 70% of the juveniles adjudicated delinquent by the juvenile justice system courts are sentenced to probation. (Connor) Scared-Straight Programs are when juveniles are taken to state prisons for intensive confrontation sessions with adult inmates serving long term or life sentences. Using there own experiences as examples. Inmates told juveniles of the harsh realities of imprisonment. The purpose was to scare the juvenile straight. Community-based treatment programs for probationers stand midway between the loose supervision of routine probation and the secure custody characteristic of most correctional facilities for juvenile offenders. Community based programs typically provide more extensive assistance and stricter enforcement of the conditions of probation. In stitutionalizing juveniles to public or private correctional facilities has been used to rehabilitate the young offender. Correctional facilities routinely offer academic and vocational instruction in hope that better-educated and vocationally skilled inmates will be less dependent upon release. Most institutions also supplement these routine efforts with special programs, such as alcohol and other drug counseling. There are also short-term facilities (detention centers), as well as shelters, reception and diagnostic centers. Long-term facilities include training schools, ranches, forestry camps, boot camps, farms, halfway houses, and group homes. (Connor) In addition, there are numerous private institutions and a number of psychiatric hospitals and treatment centers. The correctional landscape of juvenile justice is quite different from the correctional system in the adult world. There are approximately 7 different models of treatment for juvenile offenders. Not all of them are as successful as can be expected, but treatment programs for juveniles tend to take on a life of their own. The models only represent programs which have found some acceptance, usage, or recognition in forensic psychology. Group home models group homes are the most common type of semi-secure or insecure facility, and their existence is justified on the principle that the least restrictive alternative should be used, unless facts warrant otherwise. Multi-systemic models multi-systemic is a loosely used term for approaches based on the family systems theory, which in short, implies that the best approach is one which ignores the offender, and joins him or her in blaming their family, their peer group, their school, and their neighborhood. Substance abuse models these are generally relapse prevention programs that are delivered on an inpatient (avg. stay 6 months) or outpatient (twice weekly) basis where community meetings are held and clients set goals for themselves. Boot camp models these are faddish government programs, most popular from 1987-1997 which attempt to instill military-style discipline, respect for authority, and boost self-esteem. There have been highly publicized abuses and most research indicates a negative impact on recidivism and self-efficacy. Wilderness and adventure models these are (usually private) programs which take status offenders and non-delinquents, cherry-picked delinquents and a few delinquents given a last chance before going to a more secure facility. Besides the outdoor challenges programs typically represent a de-emphasis on traditional classroom models of learning. Violence unlearning models The most common approach here is Aggression Replacement Therapy which attempts to replace whatever status rewards the offender has received for being bad with rewards for pro-social behavior, like learning how to ask permission, havi ng a conversation, giving a compliment, etc. Sex offender treatment models although a few prisons may use pharmacological approaches to suppress libido (never under age 16 though), the most common programs involve peer groups which either focus on relapse prevention, social assertiveness skills, or the confrontation of thinking errors. (Siegel, Welsh Senna) It should be noted that diverse mixtures of components of various models can be found, and sometimes such mixtures or admixtures are called multimodal programs, especially when the components being mixed involve individual treatment, peer group treatment, and an attempt at applying some sort of family systems theory. Since the most common family systems theory is called multi-systemic, it is not uncommon to see juvenile correctional psychologists champion the cause of multi-modal and multi-systemic approaches to treatment which may very well qualify as the fanciest buzzwords in all of criminal justice. (Siegel, et. al) During the 1940’s and 1950’s reformers worked hard to improve the conditions found in most juvenile institutions. Probation camps emerged providing a structured setting for juveniles as an alternative to incarceration. Extensive use of probation was also another alternative to incarceration. The vast majority were coming to question the ability of the juvenile courts system in succeeding, or even making visible or tangible progress in the rehabilitation process. (Roffe) In the 1950’s and 60’s public concern grew about the effectiveness of the juvenile justice system, not because of the rehabilitative philosophy, but because of its perceived lack of effectiveness and the number of juveniles who were detained indefinitely. In 1967, it was recommended that alternatives to the incarceration of juveniles be developed. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act passed in 1974, provided funding to communities from federal grants that encouraged these alternatives to incarceration, creating more foster care, group homes and formal diversion programs. (Roffe) In the 1960’s, the Supreme Court made a series of decisions that formalized the juvenile courts and made them more like criminal courts. Formal hearings were required in situations where juveniles were waived to adult courts, juvenile facing confinement were required to be given the right to receive notice of charges held against them, and the right to have an attorney represent them. â€Å"Proof beyond a reasonable doubt† had to be established, instead of just â€Å"a preponderance of evidence† for adjudication. (Roffe) During the 1970’s, supervision and electronic monitoring were also introduced. By the 1980’s the public perceived serious juvenile crime increasing and the system was failing due to its lenient attitude in the juvenile courts. Laws were passed making the 1980’s a transitional period that led the juvenile justice system away from its original philosophy of rehabilitation, focusing now on punishment and the safety of the public. Juvenile crime had increased, faith in treatment was on a downward spiral, the courts were becoming more and more inept to realistically address and remedy social ills and political ideology rushing towards conservative trends caused a distinct change in the policies surrounding juvenile criminals. (Roffe) By the 1990’s legislation enacted by many states held juvenile offenders that were violent, serious, or repeat offenders, accountable for their actions. Five areas of change concentrated on by state legislature included: sentencing, transfer provisions, confidentiality, victim’s rights, and correctional programming. As a result of the many changes made by legislation, more secure facilities were built and more adequate solutions for rehabilitation were developed. (Roffe) Kent vs. United States, 383 U.S. 541 1966 This case involved sixteen-year-old Morris Kent who, in September 1961, raped a woman and stole her wallet. The juvenile court judge waived Kent to the jurisdiction of an adult court, but without a hearing, without having talked with Kents lawyer, and without having released a copy of the information contained in Kents social service file, upon which the waiver decision was partly based. Kent was convicted and sentenced in adult court to a term of thirty to ninety years in prison. On appeal, the case came before the Supreme Court in 1966. The Court reversed the conviction, holding that the District of Columbia Juvenile Court Acts waiver provisions were invalid. The ruling specified that prior to being waived to an adult court a juvenile had a right to (1) a hearing on the move, (2) access to social service reports, and (3) a statement of reasons for the waiver. In the decision the Court stated that a juvenile gets the worst of both worlds: neither the protection of the Constitution adults take for granted, nor the care and treatment promised by the juvenile court. (Frontline) In Re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967) The juvenile court system was revolutionized in 1967, with this Supreme Courts landmark case. In the Gault case, the Supreme Court found that the juvenile court, in spite of its best intentions, had not been adequately meeting the needs of children. The Court ruled that, under the Constitution, children in delinquency cases are entitled to due process rights. These include the right to a court-appointed lawyer, the right to be notified of the charges against them, the right to examine and cross-examine witnesses, and the privileges against self-incrimination. The Gault decision was a clear departure from the former view of the juvenile court as a benevolent system where judges had unlimited discretion to tend to childrens needs. Since Gault was decided, all juvenile court actions (not only delinquency cases) have become more procedurally technical. The rights of children and parents have continued to be expanded and redefined, both by judges decisions and by new laws. (Siegel, et. a l) In Re Winship397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068 (1970) Samuel Winship, age 12, was charged with stealing $112 from a womans purse in a store. A store employee claimed to have seen Winship running from the scene just before the woman noticed the money was missing; others in the store stated that the employee was not in a position to see the money being taken. Winship was adjudicated delinquent and committed to a training school. New York juvenile courts operated under the civil court standard of a preponderance of evidence. The court agreed with Winships attorney that there was reasonable doubt of Winships guilt, but based its ruling on the preponderance of evidence. Upon appeal to the Supreme Court, the central issue in the case was whether proof beyond a reasonable doubt should be considered among the essentials of due process and fair treatment required during the adjudicatory stage of the juvenile court process. The Court rejected lower court arguments that juvenile courts were not required to operate on the same standards as adult co urts because juvenile courts were designed to save rather than to punish children. The Court ruled that the reasonable doubt standard should be required in all delinquency adjudications. (Frontline) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania 403 U.S. 528, 91 S.Ct. 1976 (1971) Joseph McKeiver, age 16, was charged with robbery, larceny, and receiving stolen goods. He and 20 to 30 other youth allegedly chased 3 youth and took 25 cents from them. McKeiver met with his attorney for only a few minutes before his adjudicatory hearing. At the hearing, his attorneys request for a jury trial was denied by the court. He was subsequently adjudicated and placed on probation. The State Supreme Court cited recent decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court that had attempted to include more due process in juvenile court proceedings without eroding the essential benefits of the juvenile court. The State Supreme Court affirmed the lower court, arguing that of all due process rights, trial by jury is most likely to destroy the traditional character of juvenile proceedings. The U.S. Supreme Court found that the due process clause of the 14th amendment did not require jury trials in juvenile court. The impact of the Courts Gault and Winship decisions was to enhance the accuracy of t he juvenile court process in the fact-finding stage. In McKeiver, the Court argued that juries are not known to be more accurate than judges in the adjudication stage and could be disruptive to the informal atmosphere of the juvenile court, tending to make it more adversarial. (Siegel, et. al) On March 1, 2005, marking a landmark decision for human rights, the United States Supreme Court abolished the death penalty for juvenile offenders. Relying on the opinions of international and domestic human rights groups including an amicus brief by Human Rights Watch the Court found that the death penalty was unconstitutionally cruel for people who were under the age of eighteen at the time of their crimes. Prior to the decision, the United States was one of only six countries in the world that allowed the juvenile death penalty. By a vote of 5-4, the U.S. Supreme Court on March 1, 2005 held that the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments forbid the execution of offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed. (Richey) Justice Kennedy, writing for the majority stated: â€Å"When a juvenile offender commits a heinous crime, the State can exact forfeiture of some of the most basic liberties, but the State cannot extinguish his life and his potential to attain a mature understanding of his own humanity.† The Court reaffirmed the necessity of referring to â€Å"the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society† to determine which punishments are so disproportionate as to be cruel and unusual. The Court reasoned that the rejection of the juvenile death penalty in the majority of states, the infrequent use of the punishment even where it remains on the books and the consistent trend toward abolition of the juvenile death penalty demonstrated a national consensus against the practice. The Court determined that today our society views juveniles as categorically less culpable than the average criminal. (Richey) In recent years a great deal of interest has been placed on delinquent behavior and the causes that contribute to it. Media blames music, movies, games, and videos. T.V., Radio, Movies and Video games all reveal forms of violence, sex, drugs and crime. The more there is, the more it sells. A large majority of our youth form opinions and are influenced by the media. The Media encourages different ways and means to trigger violence among youth. Media is such a broad topic that I chose to narrow down to what I felt were the most influence on today’s youth; television and video games. Things that wouldn’t be your number one guess on where your child is learning things, but are two of the highest concerns society has for its children. We can see violence in almost all the media in today’s society, but does it really affect the way kids think? Video games look more real life and violent than ever. Over the holiday season this year, children age seven and up will be asking for the hottest video games of the year. The top five video games include violence, sex, nudity and the use of foul language. The top five most requested video games of 2007 are- Halo 3, Bio-Shock, Call of Duty 4, Assassin’s Creed, and Resident Evil. (Kwan) The Grand Theft Auto series is ranked the worst games of them all. These games are the most gory, graphic, and mature to ever come out. In the Grand Theft Auto game, the character steals cars, kills cops, picks up prostitutes and has sex with them, beats up pedestrians on the street and commits robbery. The rating is A for adult meaning that the game is not meant for anyone under the age of 18. If you go back ten years ago you will see a difference in the games that were played by children. The top five games wanted ten years ago were Star Wars, Diddy Kong Racing, Madden ’98, World Series Baseball ’98, and Tetris. (Rubenstein) These games were all rated lower than T for Teen because the games are not graphic. These are nothing like the games of today were you shoot something or someone and it shows everything that would happen in actual life. Statistics show on the ESRB website that 90 percent of children who play a violent video game are more likely to get into a fight then that of those who do not play the video games. Violence has always played a major role in entertainment in our society. However, in recent years there has been more, leading to higher violence crime rates. There is now solid evidence to suggest a relationship between exposure to violent television and movies and aggressive behavior. Researchers have found that children are more physically and verbally aggressive immediately after watching violent television shows than their less aggressive peers. A few studies have found that exposure to television and movie violence in childhood is related to increased aggression years later, but further research is needed in this area. (AACAP) In 1995, a small community in the Willamette Valley passed an ordinance which held parents responsible in just this way. The ordinance, No. 94-132 that was adopted in Silverton OR, charged parents with the misdemeanor of â€Å"failing to supervise a minor† when a child under the age of 18 years violates any provision of the Silverton Municipal Code. (Silverton, OR) Under provisions of the ordinance, if a juvenile commits a violation of law, his or her parent is served with a warning notice for failure to supervise a child. If the child commits a subsequent offense, the parents are issued a citation to Municipal Court for failure to supervise a child. The goal of the ordinance is to hold parents accountable for the actions of their minor children. Within a short time Mayor Ken Hector reported a significant reduction in juvenile crime and reduced levels of truancy. Furthermore school officials reported increased levels of involvement of parents with their children. (Silverton, OR) During the 1995 Oregon legislative session and after the enactment of the ordinance in Silverton, similar legislation was passed and made law. The Oregon law allows courts to order parents into education or counseling programs with the purpose being to improve parenting skills and the ability of parents to supervise the youth offender. (ORD 419C.573) An additional law â€Å"holds parents responsible for no minors being upon any street, highway, park, alley or other public place between the hours of 12 midnight and 4a.m.of the following morning.†(ORD 419C.682) At least 16 states have enacted similar parental responsibility laws. Caught somewhere between prevention and punishment for both children and parents, these laws attempt to involve parents in the lives of their children by holding them civilly and/or criminally liable for their childrens actions. Penalties for violation of these laws include increased participation by parents in juvenile proceedings; financial responsibility for restitution payments and court costs; financial responsibility for detention, treatment, and supervisory costs; participation in treatment, counseling, or other diversion programs; and criminal responsibility and possible jail time for parents found negligent in their supervision. (Yee) In some instances parental responsibility laws have been most effective with those parents that are humiliated by the process. What could be more embarrassing to an adult who is well known and respected in the community? In these instances appearing in Court and being held accountable for ineffective parenting and lacking supervision certainly could become incentive to pay more attention to a teen’s behavior. Nationally the support for parental responsibility laws remains controversial. Never the less, the potential these laws have in combating youth crime based on the increased parental involvement and attention given to their children has to be beneficial to society today. (Yee) Every town, village, and city has had to deal with adolescent substance abuse. The association between drug abuse and crime is staggering. Research shows that over half of all juveniles arrested test positive for cocaine. (Siegel, et. al) It is also shown that drug abusers are far more likely to become delinquents than non-abusers. The most frequently abused drugs for juveniles are marijuana, steroids, cocaine, designer drugs like ecstasy, and stimulants like crystal meth. The University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research conducts an annual Monitoring the Future survey. This is one of the most important and most influential surveys regarding juvenile substance abuse, and has roughly 45,000 students and 433 schools that participate. In 1996 and 1997 the amount of juveniles using illegal substances was at its highest ever. So why do juveniles use drugs? Researchers say poverty, social disorganization, genetic factors, and emotional problems are all to blame. There are several treatment strategies available to juvenile users. Scott Henggeler created the multisystematic therapy (MST) technique which involves focusing on problem solving and communication skills. In his long term evaluation he found that juvenile substance abusers who went through his program were significantly less likely to recidivate than others who received traditional treatment services. Other programs like wilderness programs and after-school community programs have also shown positive results. (Siegel, et. al) Statistics and gruesome tales portrayed by the media make it tough for the average citizen to make a quality decision concerning youthful offenders. On July 28, 1999, 12 year old Lionel Tate was imitating professional wrestlers when he beat to death 6 year old Tiffany Eunick. (Courtroom Television Network) In June of 2005, a 7 year old boy was charged in the beating death of his 7 month old sister because he was jealous of the attention the baby received. Reports show he kicked, punched and beat the child with a 24. (Dennis) That same week in New York, a 9 year old girl fatally stabbed an 11 year old friend to death with a steak knife after an argument over a ball. (Dennis) These tragedies are only a few of the hundreds of stories heard on the news and read in the papers everyday. How does children ages 7, 9, and 12 come to decide when it is justifiable to take another’s life? How do these children even know how to take the life of another human being? Is it the television? How about the new onslaught of explicitly graphic video games, which are marketed at today’s youth? Though these seem to be plausible causes for the problems generating today’s juvenile delinquent, I think the solution lay a little closer to the home front. Maybe one real cause of the problem is that we allow anyone to breed. In our country today you are required to get a license to have a dog. You have to get a marriage certificate. Another certification to drive a car and you have to insure the car. However there are no restrictions or requirements concerning procreation and child rearing. When a couple decides to adopt a child there are extensive background checks done, months of waiting and yards of red tape before they are able to bring home a child. Would it not be productive to have requirements of people who wish to take on the great task of raising a child? At least we could insist upon mandatory classes teaching proper child development techniques. An excellent example of a program making a huge difference is the WIC program. In order for clients to receive vouchers for help with food and baby formula, they must attend classes every three months. The classes teach nutritional values, smart shopping, and an array of useful skil ls in raising healthy children with good eating habits while on a budget. It is pretty well known that money motivates Americans. A class or series of classes directed at teaching parenting and early childhood development skills could be required of any parent that wishes to claim the EIC (earned income tax credit) on their taxes. A three hour class on how divorce affects children should be required when a couple divorcing has children together, in order to be granted the divorce. Parents have been made responsible before for their children’s actions, but wait†¦ What if the parents were mandated to attend a series of classes or seminars that could help teach them to more effectively handle the situation, preventing future offenses? How can we address each child’s individual needs better than to encourage their own parents involvement? The parents live with them, are overall responsible for them, and may think twice about having any more if they are held accountab le for the actions of their children. Values and integrity are learned at an early age and in the home. Once upon a time in America, these were a priority in the home. Somehow we lost that, and need to get it back. The only way we can start is by forcing education on the parents of these children. This has to be our foundation to building a system that can effectively prevent and treat our youth. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychology (AACAP). (2002, November 13). Children and TV Violence. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/children_and_tv_violence City of Silverton, OR. (n.d.). Title 9 Criminal Code. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from codepublishing.com/OR/Silverton.html Connor, T. O. (2005, November 30). Juvenile Justice Overview. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from http://faculty.ncwc.edu/TOCONNOR/111/111lect14.htm Courtroom Television Network, LLC. (2000, November 7). Where It All Began: 14- Year- Old Gets Life. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from courttv.com/trials/wrestling/background.html Frontline. (2005). Juvenile Justice Child or Adult? A Century Long View. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/stats/childadult.html Howell, J. C. (2003). Preventing Reducing Juvenile Delinquency: A Comprehensive Framework. Sage Publishers. Kwan, M. (2007, December 12). Futurelooks Holiday 2007 Guide to Hottest Video Games. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from futurelooks.com/futurelooks-holiday-2007-guide-to-the-hottest-video-games/ Richey, W. (2005, March 2). Juvenile Death Penalty Abolished. Retrieved November 18, 2007, from csmonitor.com/2005/0302/p01s01-usju.html Roberts, A. R. (2004, March). Juvenile Justice Sourcebook: Past, Present and Future. New Jersey: Oxford University Press. Roffe, S. (1999). Juvenile Detention in New York: Then and Now. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/djj/djj20yrs3.htm#1800 Rosenheim, M. K. (2002). F. E. Zimring, D. S. Tanenhaus, B. Dohrin, Eds.A Century of Juvenile Justice. University of Chicago Press. Rubenstein, G. (1997, December 13). The Seasons 10 Hottest Video Games. Hearst Communications, Inc. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from sfisonline.com/cgibin/article/article?f=/e/a/1997/12/13/STYLE11080.dtl Siegel, L. J., Welsh, B. C., Senna, J. J. (2006). E. Howard, Ed.Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice and Law (9th Ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Yee, A. (1999, January). Parental Responsibility in Juvenile Justice. National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved December 13, 2007, from ncsl.org/programs/press/schoolviolence/LEGIS73.htm Research Papers on Early Jail Conditions - Criminal Justice EssayThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingPETSTEL analysis of India

Beauty and the Beast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Beauty and the Beast - Research Paper Example The focus in this paper is on ‘Beauty and the Beast’ as probably one of the most unforgettable theme songs in one of the greatest Disney classics of all time. The movie has been well loved and is, to put simply, an enchanting treat to audiences that have seen it. The movie has offered a potent combination of romance and enough wit to ensnare viewers young, old and the young at heart. The nomination for an Oscar nomination is indeed a testimony to this film’s quality. In a nutshell, the film is about a love story between a somewhat free-spirited country girl named Belle yearning to escape the humdrum provincial life. There she is constantly pursued by a good looking albeit ignorant suitor by the name of Gaston. However, as fate would have it and more so to put the love story in motion, Belle’s father got stuck in the woods and then captured by the feared Beast. Being the heroine of the story, she valiantly switched places with her father. Thus, the Beauty me ets the Beast and the romance started though initially with a bit of distrust and a pinch of fear as Belle becomes somewhat a cross between a prisoner and a guest in the mystical mansion of Beast. There, she met even more strange things as there are different furniture that can speak. Interestingly though, these talking teapot, clock and candelabra became some sort of a bridge that connected the would be lovers. Slowly, the romance blossomed and after an altercation that nearly cost the Beast’s life, Belle’s true love for the otherwise hideous and feared creature broke the spell and out came a dashing prince. And, as the adage goes, they lived happily ever after. Main Body Barely even friends As mentioned, the two main characters were barely even friends when they met. In fact, since the presence of Belle in the Beast’s mansion or castle was merely the result of a prisoner swap, these two were even enemies. However, as love stories and animated features would ha ve it, these two became lovers in the end. Technically though, that is quite a stretch which can be expected from such a feature. After all, it is s fairy tale. And where there’s fairy tale, there is magic. And, maybe, love do comes with a bit of magic. Also, love comes with a desire to change oneself though this can careen dangerously to the darker side or climb further up to be a better person for the one that you love. Minow (2007) recognizes the unique quality of this film which holds the distinction of being the first ever animated film to be nominated to the Oscars. It was a lovely movie and though the shift from enemies to friends seem predictable, the story still did justice to the viewers by portraying a changing and improving image of the characters that seemed to be the critical factor for their romance to become possible. The two characters, Belle and the Beast, were initially cast against each other though despite the presence of a persistent suitor, Belle was ge nuinely single and is therefore open to romance. Although the plot seemed obvious because of the title, the movie did its part in showing the development of the characters own selves before developing a love for each other. It would be prudent to note that the hideous form of the Beast was a punishment from an otherwise wayward prince. Also, it can be seen that the imprisonment of Belle was likewise a watershed event in her life that has opened up herself to be more caring and sensitive to other people. In fact, getting to know Beast in a deeper sense can only be the possible explanation for such a beauty to fall for the beast (Minow 2007). A Beastly Beauty in itself The film itself was a romance in the making. Berardinelli (1991) argues that it was the best animated movie that was ever made. However, he concedes that the Lion King was by far the highest grossing Disney film, the story and cinematography coupled with the astounding soundtrack and musical has pushed the movie to grea t heights.

The Nurses Role in Wound Care in the Community Essay

The Nurses Role in Wound Care in the Community - Essay Example Community-based leg ulcer clinics have shown to be very effective; however, there is a need to adopt a well-organised leg ulcer aftercare delivery to reduce the recurrence of leg ulceration and improve the quality of life. Research also revealed that there are significant lacunae with respect to nurse’s knowledge of the principles and practice of wound care. The strategies to improve nurse’s knowledge and future developments in wound care are discussed. The dissertation concludes with recommendations that more high quality clinical research trials be conducted in the future to assess the efficacy of various dressings and adopting the NICE guidelines and the TELER system. Recommendations are also made to conduct a comprehensive education program for nurses at all levels of training and practice. A wound care certification program and an online distance-learning package for acute and chronic wounds for nurses are also recommended. Over the past few decades, the protocols in wound management has changed and evolved rapidly. There has been a shift from dry to moist healing and an increasing trend in the use of modern dressings. Wound management alone leads to a massive drain on health care resources. Diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure sores are frequently encountered clinical conditions and many of these conditions are chronic, leading to repeat visits. There has therefore, been an emphasis on proper wound care and the search for an ideal dressing continues to this day. The aim of this dissertation is to review the literature related to wound care regarding the principles and practice of wound care, methods of wound evaluation and the role that nurses play in wound care management in the community. Both electronic database search and manual search was made for literature related to wound care. Electronic database search included PUBMED and MEDLINE searches. The keywords used included â€Å"wound care,† â€Å"wound